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A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, green-pigmented, aerobic and motile bacterium, strain R3-44 T , was isolated from Arctic tundra soil. Stain R3-44 T clustered closely with members of the genus Chitinimonas , which belongs to the family Burkholderiaceae , and showed the highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Chitinimonas naiadis AR2 T (96.10%). Strain R3-44 T grew optimally at pH 7.0, 28 °C and in the presence of 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant respiratory isoprenoid quinone of strain R3-44 T was identified as ubiquinone Q-8. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminolipid and unidentified phospholipid. The main fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C 16 : 1   ω7 c and/or C 16 : 1   ω6 c , 40.6 %) and C 16 : 0 (29.3 %). The DNA G+C content of strain R3-44 T was 60.8 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain R3-44 T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinimonas , for which the name Chitinimonas arctica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain R3-44 T (=CCTCC AB 2010422 T =KCTC 72602 T ).

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, motile, rod or long-rod-shaped bacterial isolate, strain MK6-18 T , was isolated from a marine sediment sample from Kongsfjorden, Arctic. The bacterium grew optimally at 20 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MK6-18 T belonged to the genus Roseovarius . Its closest phylogenetic neighbour was Roseovarius nanhaiticus NH52J T showing 96.97 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The genome of strain MK6-18 T is 4.2 Mb long in size with a G+C content of 59.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between the genomes of strain MK6-18 T and Roseovarius nanhaiticus NH52J T , was 78.0 %. Similar to other species of the genus Roseovarius , strain MK6-18 T had ubiquinone 10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C 12 : 0 , C 16 : 0 , summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω7c / ω6 c ) and summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 ω7c / ω6 c ) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine; one unidentified polar lipid, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid were also detected. This is the first time that a member of the genus Roseovarius has been isolated from the Arctic, which may promote the study of the distribution characteristics and environmental adaptability of this genus. On the basis of the data provided here, strain MK6-18 T should be classed as representing a novel species of the genus Roseovarius , for which the name Roseovarius arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MK6-18 T (=CCTCC AB 2018219 T =KCTC 72187 T ).

A yellow-pigmented strain, designated Y4AR-5 T , was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The strain was isolated from a tundra soil from near Longyearbyen, Svalbard Islands, Norway. The cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile. Growth occurred at 4-28 °C (optimum 20 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and with 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), an aminophospholipid (APL), a phospholipid (PL), an unidentified aminolipid (AL) and two unidentified lipids. The results of analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the novel strain was most closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma (96.2 % sequence similarity with Spirosoma endophyticum). The genomic DNA G+C content was 45.9 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain Y4AR-5 T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosomaflavum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y4AR-5 T (=CCTCC AB 2015352 T =KCTC 52490 T ).

A yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated M1-33108T, was isolated from the till of high Arctic glacier Midtre Lovénbreen near Ny-Ålesund, in the West Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain M1-33108T belonged to the genus Terrimonas and its closest neighbour was Terrimonas arctica R9-86T with 96.12 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Cells of strain M1-33108T were Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that lacked motility. Cells contained iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as its major cellular fatty acids and menaquinone-7 as the sole respiratory quinone. The polar lipid profile of strain M1-33108T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminophospholipids, eight unknown aminolipids, an unknown glycolipid and three unknown polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 45.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain M1-33108T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas crocea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1-33108T (=CCTCC AB 2016103T=KCTC 52448T).

Strain K2-33028T, which appeared as a brick-red colony on an R2A plate, was isolated from a marine sediment sample from Kings Bay, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that K2-33028T represented a member of the genus Hymenobacter. Cells were Gram-reaction-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped and without motility. Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum 28 °C) and at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0). Cells contained menaquinone-7 as the main respiratory quinone and iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 1ω5c, summed feature 4 (comprising anteiso-C17 : 1B and/or iso-C17 : 1I) and anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine was predominant in the polar lipid profile. The DNA G+C content was 64.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain K2-33028T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacterrutilussp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K2-33028T (=CCTCC AB 2016091T=KCTC 52447T).