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Reports made by Médecins Sans Frontières in Khartoum on an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis among displaced people from the western Upper Nile prompted an investigation at Ler Hospital, the second largest in the region. In a 10 d period during April 1989, 100 persons with visceral leishmaniasis were identified. Of these, 82% were men; 67% were aged 20 to 39 years. Except for the absence of ulcerated skin lesions, the clinical features corresponded to those traditionally described in the Sudan. A cross-sectional serological survey was conducted in Kuernyang (400 inhabitants), 40 km north of Ler. The anti-Leishmania antibody prevalence was 18.2%, being higher among those older than 15 years, and higher among adult women (28%) than among men (18%). The overall prevalence of splenomegaly was 16.4%. 33% of seropositive cases presented with splenomegaly, compared with 11.6% of those who were seronegative. Three serological surveys conducted on the eastern side of the Nile showed no seropositive cases. However, 2 autochthonous cases were clinically diagnosed and confirmed by serological assays. The war conflicts and population movements appear to be the main cause of this large outbreak that may have killed thousands of tribespeople in southern Sudan. There is a risk of the disease spreading into other areas with devastating consequences for the population, should energetic measures not be immediately taken.