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ABSTRACT Adolescents make up a quarter of the world's population and are important users of health services. In South Africa little is known about the extent of renal disease or outcomes in this group. Adolescents are a vulnerable age group, due to their neurocognitive development, engagement in high-risk social activities, prevalence of mental illness and increasing rates of HIV infection. In Africa access to renal replacement therapy is rationed, therefore the focus of renal disease must be one of prevention rather than dealing with the management of end stage renal disease. Treating adolescents is a challenging field, as compliance is essential as a preventative strategy. This review will outline how a cost effective adolescent service was established in a resource limited setting. The adolescent friendly clinic aims to ease transition of adolescents, improve engagement within the health service and ultimately aims to improve compliance. In order to treat adolescents, it is important to deliver age-appropriate treatment that can be implemented in any chronic disease setting to give the adolescent the greatest chance of success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, more than 40% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children experienced renal complications. In sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 2.1 million children are infected with HIV-1. In the absence of antiretroviral therapy, young African children frequently died of AIDS-related complications before renal diseases could be manifested or diagnosed. As antiretroviral therapy has become more available, and their survival has increased, our experience in treating kidney disease in HIV-infected children has improved. This article discusses relevant clinical and pathologic findings related to kidney disease in HIV-infected children. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the implementation of the Saving Young Lives Project in 2012 to establish programs for acute peritoneal dialysis in low-resource settings. It tackles the causes of acute kidney injury, the International Society of Nephrology 0by25 initiative, and the challenges posed by the availability of catheters and fluid for acute peritoneal dialysis.