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The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of parent satisfaction on Children's online learning for Primary Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Independent variables are Child competency, Technical Problems, Duration of online learning, and several assignments. The research method is a quantitative approach with Primary data analysis using Google form. The population in this study was the parents of the Primary school students who are following the Bachelor of Education (Hons) in Primary Education at the Open University of Sri Lanka using a simple random sampling method. Respondents of 102 data analyses were done through descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation, and Regression and were analyzed using SPSS. By using a structured questionnaire with five Likert scales from strongly disagree to strongly agree measured independent and dependent variables. The results of this study are independent variables had a significant impact on parents' satisfaction with online learning. But Technical Problem was not significant in parents' satisfaction with online learning. The moderation effect explains the association between the following three factors; the number of online assignments, the duration of online learning, and parents' satisfaction. According to the Child competency, Parents were more satisfied with their children's online learning. Researchers may use this article as literature or supplementary material for future research.

Background: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first recognised in Wuhan City, China, has spread rapidly around the world. As a result, record numbers of students are not attending University due to temporary closures mandated by governments in an attempt to reduce the number of cases. The COVID-19 outbreak has created challenges for academics and students in the process of adapting to online teaching and learning. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of bioscience academics during the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020. Design and methods: Perspectives from academics across eight countries (Brazil, Georgia, Indonesia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, UK and USA) were included giving a global insight into the phenomena. A descriptive multiple case study approach was used with each academic in their context as the case. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data, which enabled themes to emerge. Results and Conclusions: Three major themes emerged from the experiences of the participants: (1) teaching methods, (2) emotions, and (3) support networks. Our results suggest there have been both benefits and challenges to the change in teaching methods and this is reflected in similarities across the case studies. One key finding was that both students and staff need to be better trained to use online platforms, and adequate peer support and technical support must be given to improve program effectiveness. The results of this study have contributed new information on teaching and learning throughout the pandemic and can be used as a platform for further research and also as a reflection for those making high-level decisions in policy in education in these interesting times.

Financial literacy is defined as the possession of knowledge and skills that enable informed and effective money management. Financial literacy is enhancing the financial developments and economic growth of the country. In the face of these developments, it is important to assess if the younger generation, especially undergraduates who are seen as the future investors, movers and transformers of the economy, have the necessary knowledge of financial concepts. This study examines the impact of financial literacy on investing decisions among undergraduates in the western province in Sri Lanka. A total of 200 students from 4 government universities in the western province of Sri Lanka participated in this study. The present study employed a few determinants to assesses financial literacy as students' knowledge about financial products, Accessing financial products, money management, knowledge about financial investment option, and financial skills. The study focused to examine, how a student's level of financial literacy influences his/her financial opinions, decisions and practices. The findings revealed that financial literacy positively and significantly influenced on the undergraduates' investment decisions. Further, when it focused on the dimensions of financial literacy, the most significant dimension was financial skills. The knowledge about the financial product is identified as the least significant dimension on investment decision of the undergraduates. Finally, the researcher provides some suggestions for financial institutions and policy decision-makers to develop financial literacy level by promoting financial knowledge for enhancing the investment decision making power among the young generation in Sri Lanka.

In April 2021, the government of Sri Lanka abruptly banned chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals in a bid to safeguard the country's agricultural industry, particularly its farmers and consumers, from various health and environmental concerns. Therefore, it is critical to assess the impact of prohibiting chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals on the smallholder tea production in the country. Additionally, understanding the smallholders' awareness of agrochemicals and their attitudes toward transitioning to organic farming is essential, as these factors hold significant importance for various aspects of the economy. The Ratnapura district was selected as the research area, owing to its extensive tea cultivation across numerous Divisional Secretary (DS) divisions. For this study, a sample of 120 tea smallholders was randomly chosen from three DS divisions (Balangoda, Opanayaka, Imbulpe), representing the entire district, who supply green leaves to the ABC tea factory in Balangoda. Research data were collected through a field survey conducted between September and November 2022. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were employed for data analysis. Additionally, the costs incurred for chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals, the total cost of production, as well as tea production before and after the implementation of the fertilizer policy, were analyzed using paired t-tests. The results obtained indicate that the majority of tea smallholders possess a high level of education, with most owning tea lands ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 acre. Furthermore, a vast majority of them demonstrate understanding of both the positive and negative aspects of agrochemicals. Notably, the analysis reveals a significant increase in the cost of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals, as well as the total cost of production, following the implementation of the fertilizer policy. Conversely, tea production has shown a significant decrease. Moreover, farmers express willingness to transition gradually from conventional farming practices if suitable alternatives are available. However, they currently face a myriad of challenges due to the lack of effective alternatives for chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. Consequently, there is a pressing need to identify and implement better alternatives to address their concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We assessed the possible impact of provision of reverse osmosis (RO) water on the incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu in North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka. Methods: An ecological study was conducted on data from 2010–2020 on the incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu, CKD/CKDu screening and provision of drinking water RO plants in NCP. Analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and chi-square test. Results: The annual incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu (per 100 000 population) in 2010–2013, 2014–2016 and 2017–2020 periods in Anuradhapura district were 129.07, 331.06 and 185.57 (p = 0.002) while in Polonnaruwa district these were 149.29, 326.12 and 296.73 (p = 0.04) respectively. In NCP provision of RO plants commenced after 2011 and the decline in the incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu was seen in 25 of the 29 Divisional Secretary Divisions when more than 20% of the families received access to drinking RO water projects. Conclusions: The annual incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu increased in NCP from 2010 to 2016 and continuously decreased thereafter. Continuous declining of CKD/CKDu incidence was seen after more than 20% of the families received access to drinking water RO plants. Key message: The incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu in CKDu affected North Central Province of Sri Lanka is decreasing possibly due to provision of safe drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection with significant morbidity and mortality. As an occupational disease, it has become a global concern due to its disease burden in endemic countries and rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess disease burden in terms of Disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of leptospirosis.A hospital‐based descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted using 450 clinically diagnosed leptospirosis patients admitted to base and above hospitals in Monaragala District, Sri Lanka, using a pre‐tested interviewer‐administered questionnaire. The patients were followed up until normal day‐to‐day life after discharge. Estimation of DALYs was done using laboratory‐confirmed leptospirosis patients. Leptospirosis disease burden in Monaragala District was 44.9 DALYs per 100,000 population, which includes 33.18 Years of life losts and 10.9 YLDs. The incidence of leptospirosis in Monaragala District during the study period was 59.8 per 100,000 population, and the case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.5% and 75% of deaths were among males.The disease burden of leptospirosis in Monaragala District was significantly high and urgent efforts to control and prevent leptospirosis should be a priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Quality of care determines the physical and psychological wellbeing of aged care residents. The study aims to explore barriers and facilitators of quality of care in aged care homes (ACHs) in Sri Lanka from the perspective of older adults and caregivers. Methods: This qualitative descriptive exploratory study was conducted in selected five ACHs in Galle District, Sri Lanka, from May 2021 to January 2022. We recruited a purposive sample of residents and caregivers and conducted ten in-depth interviews with ten caregivers and nine focus group discussions with forty-five residents. The data were analysed using the thematic analysis. Results: The majority of caregivers and residents were females. Caregivers and residents were aged 25-35 years and 70-80 years, respectively. Two major themes emerged: (a) barriers of quality of care and (b) facilitators of quality of care. Both residents and caregivers reported a lack of referring system facilities; a lack of financial support on the infrastructure; a lack of financial support in supplying medication and employing human resources; insufficient knowledge of gerontological care and geriatric syndromes for both caregivers and residents; and lack of interest in being a caregiver at the ACHs as barriers in providing quality care. Moreover, caregivers and older people reported donations by philanthropists; supportive leadership; and welfare benefits from the government authorities as facilitators of quality care. Additionally, caregivers reported a lack of in-service programmes for caregivers as a barrier and positive institutional values as a facilitator for providing quality care. Conclusion: The available human and physical resources are insufficient to address the demanding needs of residents in ACHs, apart from the received donations. There is a simultaneous need for healthcare policymakers' and social welfare authorities' attention to implementing necessary measures to uplift the quality of care for residents in ACHs to enhance their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the genetic control of external fruit colour, fruit length, and the number of fruits per vine in bitter gourd using reciprocal crosses of Momordica charantia var. muricata and M. charantia var. charantia and to identify suitable lines of M. charantia var. muricata to be used in bitter gourd improvement programmes. Muricata accession collected from Girandurukotte (GK), Sri Lanka, was selected as a suitable accession for crop improvement based on higher gynoecy and consistency of characteristics. Crossing success between Charantia and Muricata varieties was 100 % indicating cross-compatibility between the two types. External fruit colour, fruit length and the number of fruits per vine of bitter gourd were found to be quantitative traits, potentially controlled by many genes, each with a small effect. The number of fruits per vine was found to show cytoplasmic inheritance, as the F1 generation recorded fruit numbers per vine similar to those of Charantia varieties, when Charantia varieties were used as the female parent of the reciprocal crosses made between Charantia and Muricata varieties. However, the suspected cytoplasmic effect was not useful, as it influenced to reduce the number of fruits per vine. In addition, the number of fruits per vine showed several transgressive segregants in both extremes of the F2 populations. In bitter gourd improvement programmes, GK Muricata accession may be used to improve cultivated Charantia varieties with respect to fruit characteristics such as external fruit colour, fruit length and the number of fruits per vine through a breeding program with the directional selection made towards obtaining the desired characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Fosfomycin is an effective treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs). It is not currently used in Sri Lanka to treat UTIs. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the fosfomycin susceptibility for E. coli in urinary isolates, with an aim to find the usability of fosfomycin in the context of high antibiotic resistance. Methods E. coli isolates were identified by the colony appearance and by performing biochemical tests for the urinary coliform isolates collected from two different hospitals in Western Province Sri Lanka, during the period of November 2021 to February 2022. Susceptibility to fosfomycin 200 µg disc was performed following the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) disc diffusion method. Results A total of 101 E. coli isolates from both oncology patients (52.5%) and non-oncology patients (47.5%) were identified and included in the study. The study sample showed majority of females (63.3%). Ampicillin showed the highest resistance rate (72.2%) while fosfomycin was the only antibiotic that showed 100% in vitro susceptibility to all the tested clinical isolates. The overall presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and carbapenem-resistant (CR) E. coli were 47.5% and 9.9% respectively. Conclusions Fosfomycin is a potential antibiotic option especially for MDR and CR organisms, with 100% in vitro susceptibility. Further studies involving multiple centers, with larger sample size and clinical efficacy studies would be important to assess the potential use of fosfomycin especially for the treatment of UTI-causing MDR and CR organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as noni or 'Ahu' in Sri Lanka, has traditionally been used for medicinal and black magic practices. However, noni also has therapeutic benefits and is used in various products like fresh juice, nutraceuticals, wine, powder, and puree. This study aimed to compare the bioactive compounds and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potential of dried noni fruit and seeds using spectroscopic methods. Noni seeds exhibit significant antioxidant properties like dried noni fruit. They also possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential, making them valuable for food production, suggesting their utilization alongside noni-fruit-based products in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social capital is a concept that has been identified to improve health outcomes in many populations. Due to COVID-19 and many other factors, Sri Lanka faced a massive economic crisis that affected the nutrition of communities. Many community engagement initiatives have begun to promote the country's nutrition during the worst-hit years. The Mothers' Support Groups initiative is one of the existing community engagement initiatives that is well known for strengthening community social capital. This article discusses how the Mothers' Support Groups (MSG) initiative in Sri Lanka contributed to improving social capital in Sri Lanka during the economic crisis, focusing on nutrition. Methods: We conducted a case study on the activities undertaken by mothers' support groups in view of how they focused on social capital. We selected all activities presented by districts that improved social capital related to nutrition promotion captured in the YouTube video stream. We analyzed these qualitative data to identify the main themes related to social capital and nutritional promotion. Two coders transcribed the video recordings. We analyzed the data using the iterative thematic inquiry (ITI) method and initially assessed beliefs about concepts, building new beliefs through encounters with data, listing tentative themes, and evaluating themes through coding. Results: Six major themes were identified (that social capital had been strengthened to promote nutrition): awareness creation of nutrition, home gardening promotion, promoting livestock farming, minimizing food waste, improving the home economy, and psychosocial health promotion. The most common forms of social capital encountered in these themes were bonding, bridging, and linking. Furthermore, strengthening structural social capital is more prominent than strengthening cognitive social capital. Conclusion: Social capital can improve nutritional status during crises. Activities that can be used to achieve this vary from simple awareness creation among communities to more advanced psychosocial health promotion. Overall, social capital contributed to the community development aspect of health promotion to a greater extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum [Lam.] Verdc.) is an underutilized pulse crop primarily cultivated in South Asian countries like India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It offers various nutraceutical properties and demonstrates remarkable resilience to both biotic and abiotic stresses. As a result, it has emerged as a promising crop for ensuring future food and nutritional security. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional profile of 139 horsegram germplasm lines obtained from 16 Indian states that were conserved at the National Gene Bank of India. Standard analytical methods, including those provided by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), were used for this investigation. The study revealed substantial variability in essential nutrients, such as protein (ranging from 21.8 to 26.7 g/100 g), starch (ranging from 26.2 to 33.0 g/100 g), total soluble sugars (TSSs) (ranging from 0.86 to 12.1 g/100 g), phenolics (ranging from 3.38 to 11.3 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/g), and phytic acid content (ranging from 1.07 to 21.2 mg/g). Noteworthy correlations were observed, including a strong positive correlation between sugars and phenols (r = 0.70) and a moderate negative correlation between protein and starch (r = −0.61) among the studied germplasm lines. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted that the first three principal components contributed to 88.32% of the total variability, with TSSs, phytates, and phenols emerging as the most significant contributors. The cluster analysis grouped the accessions into five clusters, with cluster III containing the accessions with the most desirable traits. The differential distribution of the accessions from north India into clusters I and III suggested a potential geographical influence on the adaptation and selection of genes. This study identified a panel of promising accessions exhibiting multiple desirable traits. These specific accessions could significantly aid quality breeding programs or be directly released as cultivars if they perform well agronomically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines teachers' intention to engage in School Based Assessment (SBA) in secondary schools of Sri Lanka, by utilising Ajzen's (1985) Theory of Planned Behaviour. Multiple regression analysis was employed for data analysis. Given the recent attention on curricular reforms in many countries, this study contributes to the limited research on SBA from a developing country perspective and provides better understanding of factors that motivate teachers to engage in SBA. The findings of the study indicate that teachers' subjective norm and perceived behavioural control are significant predictors of their intention to engage in SBA, not their attitudes. This study also emphasises the need for policy makers to devise more effective strategies to design programs to encourage teachers to engage in SBA.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is utilized for wellness drinks, puree, and nutraceuticals, while its seeds are a source of vegetable oil. However, misconceptions persist due to limited scientific research in Sri Lanka. This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of hydro-methanolic extracts from fresh and dried noni fruits, pasteurized juice, and seeds on normal (BHK) and cancer (Hep2) cells using the MTT assay. The results indicated dose-dependent toxicity on cancer cells, while normal cells were less affected. Processing methods influenced cytotoxicity, with dried seeds showing the least toxicity. These findings suggest the potential of noni extracts as cytotoxic agents against cancer, influenced by the processing conditions. Further research is needed to identify the specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morinda citrifolia L., or Noni, thrives in tropical and sub-tropical regions globally, garnering interest as a bioactive source. Despite Sri Lanka's myths, Noni's potential remains underutilized. The United States commercialized Noni products in the early 1990s, introducing Noni juice as a wellness drink in 1996. In this study, we assessed Sri Lankan Noni fruit's functional properties through methanolic extraction and various assays, revealing its notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potential. Methanolic-extracted fresh Noni fruits may serve as natural sources of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Exploring specific bioactive compounds could yield innovative treatments for oxidative stress, inflammation, and diabetes-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of fertility genes will be useful in improving the genetic potential of dairy cows. A population of 142 cross-bred dairy cows was screened for SNPs in bovine luteinizing hormone choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) and bovine follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) genes. The effect of reported SNPs on selected fertility traits (average calving interval, average number of services per conception and age at first calving) and milk yield was determined. Altogether six SNPs were detected in animals screened under the present study. Among them, four SNPs (rs41256848, rs41256850, rs465790244, and rs45463781) were located in the exon 11 region of the LHCGR gene and two SNPs (rs43676359 and G-278-A (GU253337) were located in the five upstream region of the FSHR gene. Minor alleles identified for SNPs in the FSHR gene in the studied small population of cows differed from those reported in other research. In this study, only rs45463781 SNP at exon 11 of the LHCGR gene significantly affected the average milk yield in cross-bred cows. The nucleotide change from "G" to "A" negatively affected the average milk yield. Further investigations are needed to confirm the reported association with a larger sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Recently, traditional rice cultivars have become more popular than new, enhanced rice varieties, with the main focus being on their health benefits. Few rice cultivars have been thoroughly studied to understand their nutritional and health benefits. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission/mass spectroscopy methods were used to determine the concentrations of 24 key nutrients and trace elements in 104 traditional rice types (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Sri Lanka. Compared to the Codex Alimentarius provisional tolerable daily intake for 24 different elements, the concentrations of toxic elements such as As, Cd, Pb and Cr were significantly lower (P < 0.05), and most of the nutritional elemental concentrations were substantially higher (P < 0.05) in evaluated traditional rice varieties. Furthermore, Pb, Bi, B, K, Mg, S, Zn and Fe concentrations among traditional rice varieties were not substantially different (P > 0.05). Notably, several traditional rice varieties (i.e. Rathu Heenati, Pragathi Wee, Weda Heenati, etc.) contained significantly high levels of selenium (≈250 μg L−1 DM, P < 0.05), an important trace element that is deficient in the diets of 1 billion people globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bean rust is one of the major diseases of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) reported in Sri Lanka and at the global level. This study aimed to develop rust-resistant snap bean breeding lines via gene pyramiding assisted by molecular markers. Resistant sources; PI 181996, BelMiNeb-RMR-8, and BelDakMi-RMR-19, enriched with the rust-resistant genes Ur-3 and Ur-11, were selected as donor parents to obtain a wide range of resistance to the rust pathogen. Resistant genotypes were crossed with popular local varieties Kappetipola nil and Galpalama Kalu (Capri) to introgress Ur-3 and Ur-11 resistant genes. Successive F1, F2, and BC (backcross) generations were obtained with the self-pollination and backcrossing processes. Standard phenotypic disease screening methods were applied to identify resistant lines. Phenotypically resistant plants obtained from these crosses were tested with sequencecharacterized amplified region (SCAR) markers linked to two rust-resistant genes: SK 14 (linked to Ur-3) and SI 19 (linked to Ur-11). Molecular marker SI-19 showed higher reproducibility (50% to 80%) with the availability of relevant banding patterns for phenotypically resistant F1, F2, and BC1 progenies. However, SK 14 showed lower reproducibility (30-60%) for the same progenies. Approximately 450 genotypes introgressed with rustresistant genes (Ur-3 and Ur-11)were produced. Among them, four advanced resistant lines obtained from the different cross combinations (Kappetipola nil x BelDakMi-RMR-19, Galpalama Kalu x BelMiNeb RMR-8, Kappetipola nil x PI 181996, and Kappetipola nil x BelMiNeb RMR-8) with preferred agronomic characters were selected for further variety development. All new genotypes will be important for future bean-resistant breeding programs in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlighted the severity of paddy harvest failure under various water regimes by elaborating on spatiotemporal variations, and estimating the influence of climatic variation on such crop failure in Sri Lanka. A panel data set obtained from 18 districts from 1981 to 2019 was analysed. The Unharvest Index (UI) (i.e., an index that was developed to measure the intensity of crop failure) was estimated according to seasonal water regimes for each district. The panel data regression method was used for analysis. On average, 5 per cent of areas planted for paddy was unharvested annually, fluctuating with the coefficient of variation at 60 per cent with remarkable spatial variation. Harvest failure was more prominent in rainfed production as compared to irrigated cultivation; in dry and intermediate zones as opposed to wet zones; and in the Maha season (October to March) rather than the Yala season (April to September). Climate variability during the crop season significantly altered UI, especially during the early growth phase (Growth Phase I) as compared to the later growth phase (Growth Phase II). Temperature variability increased UI in rainfed production; an increase in the number of days above optimum temperature in Growth Phase I affected UI in minor irrigation; higher rainfall during Growth Phase I reduced UI in rainfed production; and higher rainfall variation reduced UI under all water regimes. Our findings suggest the importance of formulating localized climate‐smart adaptation policies and specific crop insurance programs for rainfed paddy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term ‘peace’ encompasses various meanings, from denoting ‘the absence of war’ to representing ‘the establishment of equity’. Societies pursue peace through actionoriented endeavors, institutional mechanisms, and constitutional reforms. Among these, constitutional provisions are crucial in establishing a stable foundation for peace. Consequently, authorities conscientiously incorporate peace- related clauses when formulating or amending constitutions, a widespread global practice in postconflict contexts. In contrast, despite being a nation marked by conflicts, Sri Lanka has faced criticisms for perceived neglect of 'constitutional peace provisions' even after the civil war. Hence, this paper focused on exploring the coverage of the concept of ‘peace’, including its comprehensive categories (negative peace, positive peace, and structural peace) within the articles of the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. Commencing with an exploration of critiques surrounding Sri Lanka's post-civil war peace building efforts, the paper proceeds to explain the concept of ‘peace’, focusing on its broad categories. Finally, each facet of peace is examined through the lens of available constitutional provisions. This paper relies predominantly on secondary data and adopts a document review method. The study concludes that the Constitution of Sri Lanka encompasses numerous clauses targeting ‘positive’ and ‘structural’ peace building while remaining silent on ‘negative peace’. Consequently, critics who appear uninformed about the broader aspects of the peace concept may be unjust in their assessments of the overall constitutional peace provisions in Sri Lanka. However, the effectiveness of implementing these provisions warrants a separate and detailed analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the availability of validated psychometrics tools to assess depression, there has not been any validated and reliable tool established to test perceived stress among Sri Lankans. The objective of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the Sinhalese Version of the Sheldon Cohen Perceived Stress Scale. Materials and methods: Standard and systematic procedures were adopted to translate the original English version of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 questionnaire into Sinhalese. Consecutive sampling was employed to recruit the Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) sample (n=321), and a convenient sampling was used to recruit the Age and Sex matched Healthy Controls (ASMHC) (n=101) and the Healthy Community Controls (HCC) groups (n=75). Cronbach alpha was used to assess internal consistency and reliability was determined using test-retest method utilizing Spearman's correlation coefficient. Sensitivity was evaluated by comparing the mean scores of the Sinhalese Perceived Stress Scale (S-PSS-10) and Sinhalese Patient Health Questionnaire (S-PHQ-9) scores. Post-hoc comparisons were done using Bonferroni's method. Mean scores were compared between the T2DM, ASMHC, and HCC groups using the independent t-test. Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted using the principal component and Varimax rotation while the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the goodness-of-fit of the factor structure extracted from the EFA. Concurrent validity was assessed using the Pearson correlation between the S-PSS-10 and Patient Health Questionnaire measured by S-PHQ-9 (p<0.05). Results: Cronbach alpha values of the three groups T2DM, ASMHC and HCC were 0.85, 0.81, and 0.79, respectively. Results of the ANOVA test suggested that there was a significant difference in the mean scores between groups (p<0.00). EFA analysis revealed the existence of two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0. The factor loadings for the items ranged from 0.71-0.83. The CFA analysis demonstrated a good model fit for the two-factor model S-PSS-10. The S-PSS-10 significantly correlated with S-PHQ-9, indicating an acceptable concurrent validity. Conclusion: Findings revealed that the S-PSS-10 questionnaire can be used to screen perceived stress among the majority of the Sri Lankan Sinhalese-speaking population specially with chronic illnesses. Further studies with higher sample sizes across different populations would enhance the validity and reliability of S-PSS-10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of bacterial antagonists identified to date are active against Microcystis. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and characterize novel cyanolytic bacterial strains antagonistic against bloom‐forming filamentous cyanobacteria. The bacterial strain BG‐E isolated from the Bandagiriya Wewa in Sri Lanka was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens (MZ007859) based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. BG‐E showed 82% and 73% cyanolytic activity (CA) against Pseudanabaena sp. LW2 (MW288948) and Pseudanabaena lonchoides LW1 (MW288940), respectively, after 10 days of inoculation. The light microscopic images affirmed the complete disintegration in the filamentous structures of the tested Pseudanabaena species. The bacterial cell density of 15% v/v showed the CA with 95% and 89% cell lysis, respectively, in P. lonchoides and Pseudanabaena sp. LW2. Moreover, the results showed that >50% CA could be achieved by 0.100 and 1.00 (OD730) cell densities for these same species. The highest CA of the cell‐free supernatant of BG‐E against P. lonchoides and bacterial culture against Pseudanabaena sp. LW2 illustrated the species‐specific mode of action of BG‐E. Although BG‐E efficiently lysed the tested cyanobacterial species, the results of the MC‐biodegradation assay confirmed its inability to degrade MC‐LR cyanotoxin. Further, the BG‐E strain lacks the mlrABCD gene cluster which is known to be responsible for the enzymatic degradation of MCs. The overall findings highlighted the applicability of P. fluorescens BG‐E as a biological controlling agent to terminate blooms of freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria genus Pseudanabaena. The incorporation of cyanotoxin‐degrading heterotrophic bacteria is recommended as a means of controlling toxic Pseudanabaena blooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un-incorporated firms are usually found less productive than their incorporated counterparts. However, little is known about the misallocation conditional on firms' incorporation status and their productivity. This paper investigates the resource misallocation across un-incorporated firms and gauges the consequent aggregate productivity loss in comparison with their incorporated counterparts. We examine the question by using firm-level survey data from Sri Lanka's manufacturing sector for 2005–2017 that provide unique information about firms' corporation status. Our findings suggest that misallocation is more severe in unincorporated firms than in incorporated ones, leading to extra 42 % aggregate TFP loss to the former. By comparing the sources of misallocation between the two types of firms, we find capital is more misallocated relative to output and there is a stronger positive correlation between firm-specific distortion and productivity across the unincorporated firms. Our findings suggest that the un-incorporated firms suffer additional productivity loss at the aggregate level due to misallocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Finger millet is the third important cereal crop in Sri Lanka, mostly cultivated in rainfed uplands in dry and intermediate zones. Blast disease (leaf, finger, and neck blast) caused by Magnaporthe grisea is economically devastating to rice and finger millet worldwide. Host resistance is the most viable option for managing the disease as it is mainly grown in low-input systems. One hundred thirty-nine finger millet accessions collected from the Plant Genetic Resources Center in Sri Lanka were field screened for leaf blast disease in three seasons under artificial inoculation at the Field Crops Research and Development Institute at Mahailluppallama, Sri Lanka. The results revealed that almost all the tested accessions were susceptible to leaf blast at the early seedling stage. However, 5-6 weeks after sowing, the severity of leaf blast disease decreased drastically, and all the germplasm were resistant or moderately resistant. The finger blast and neck blast severity, scored under natural infection, was low under both high and low-density planting. Seven and 87 finger millet accessions consistently showed immune reactions for finger blast and neck blast, respectively. A negative correlation was observed between the days to flowering and blast disease. The early flowering accessions, namely, Ac12968 and Ac2384 from Jaffna, TVFM, 13-1, TVFM-04, and TVFM-02 from Killinochchi, showed a higher severity score for leaf, finger, and neck blast compared to other accessions. A significant positive correlation (P<0.05) was found between finger blast and neck blast, however, these two diseases did not show a significant correlation (P>0.05) with leaf blast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of solid wastes is a significant problem in urban areas in many developed and developing countries. Waterways are often subjected to pollution by effluents discharged from solid waste dumpsites. The stable isotopes and water quality data provide useful information on tracing pollutant sources and their contaminant pathways. The effect of a major solid waste dumpsite on surface and groundwater quality of the surrounding area was investigated by measuring water quality parameters and stable isotopes of deuterium (2H), oxygen (18O), 15 N‐ΝΟ3 and 18O-NO3 in tropical Sri Lanka. The surface water and groundwater wells close to the dumpsite indicated clear evidence of leachate contamination with enriched total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and Cl− levels. The correlation of groundwater quality parameters, i.e. EC (−r2 = 0.8), TDS (−r2 = 0.8), TSS (−r2 = 0.5), ammonia (−r2 = 0.4), phosphates (−0.6), sulphates (−0.5), Cl− (−0.6) and isotope δ2H‰ (−0.9) with distance from the dumpsite, further confirmed the effects of dumpsite on groundwater quality. The composition of δ15N‐ΝΟ3 and δ18O-NO3 isotopes in the groundwater indicated that the dominant source of NO3− to groundwater is manure septic originating from the dumpsite. The findings of the study provided clear evidence of the effect of open dumping on the water resources of the surrounding area and the need for remedial measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper proposes the adoption of Industry 4.0 (I4) technologies and lean techniques for improving operational performance in the healthcare sector. Design/methodology/approach: The research adopted a systematic literature review and feedback of healthcare professionals to identify the inefficiencies in the current healthcare system. A questionnaire was used to get feedback from the patients and the hospital staff about the current practices and issues, and the expected impact of technology on existing practices. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Findings: The results indicate that I4 technologies lead to the improvement of the operational performance, and the perceptions about I4 technologies are made through the pre-medical diagnosis. However, a weak correlation between lean practices and healthcare operational performance compared to that of I4 technologies and operational performance indicate that lean practices are not fully implemented in the Sri Lankan healthcare sector to their full potential. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to two government hospitals, with insights from only the doctors and nurses in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the study is limited to only selected aspects of I4 technologies (big data, cloud computing and IoT) and lean concepts (value stream mapping and 5S). Therefore, recommendations on the adoption of I4 technologies in the healthcare sector need to be made within the scope of the study investigation. Practical implications: The implementation of I4 technologies needs careful consideration of process improvement as part of the overall plan for achieving the maximum benefits of technology adoption. Originality/value: The findings of the research can be used as a benchmark/guide for other hospitals to explore the adoption of I4 technologies, and how process improvement from lean concepts could influence the overall operational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melioidosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and the disease is endemic in SoutheastAsia and Northern Australia. It has been confirmed as endemic in Sri Lanka. Genomic epidemiology of B. pseudomallei in Sri Lanka is largely unexplored. This study aims to determine the biogeography and genetic diversity of clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei and the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of Sri Lankan sequence types (STs) to those found in other endemic regions of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Methods: The distribution of variably present genetic markers [Burkholderia intracellular motility A (bimA) gene variants bimABP/bimABM, filamentous hemagglutinin 3 (fhaB3), Yersinia-like fimbrial (YLF) and B. thailandensis-like flagellum and chemotaxis (BTFC) gene clusters and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen type A (LPS type A)] was examined among 310 strains. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was done for 84 clinical isolates. The phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of Sri Lankan STs within Sri Lanka and in relation to those found in other endemic regions of Southeast t Asia and Oceania were studied using e BURST, PHYLOViZ and minimum evolutionary analysis. Results: The Sri Lankan B. pseudomallei population contained a large proportion of the rare BTFC Clade (14.5%) and bimABM allele variant (18.5%) with differential geographic distribution. Genotypes fhaB3 and LPSA were found in 80% and 86% respectively. This study reported 43 STs (including 22 novel). e-BURST analysis which include all Sri Lankan STs (71) resulted in four groups, with a large clonal group (group 1) having 46 STs, and 17 singletons. ST1137 was the commonest ST. Several STs were shared with India, Bangladesh and Cambodia. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the usefulness of high-resolution molecular typing to locate isolates within the broad geographical boundaries of B. pseudomallei at a global level and reveals that Sri Lankan isolates are intermediate between Southeast Asia and Oceania. Author summary: Burkholderia pseudomallei is an important cause of community acquired pneumonia, septicemia and abscesses in Sri Lanka. The risk of infection is increased after flooding following heavy rainfall. Risk groups include rice farmers and rural populations engaged in subsistence cultivation in home gardens. Nationwide surveillance has been carried out since 2006 and the state public health system offers free diagnostics and free antibiotic therapy. The incidence of melioidosis in Sri Lanka has increased in tandem with increased awareness among clinicians. This study reports the genetic diversity among Sri Lankan B. pseudomallei clinical isolates and shows that some variably present genes are regionally distributed. The population is intermediate between Southeast Asia and Oceania. This may reflect its past geological history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effect of misallocation induced by firm-specific distortions on aggregate productivity and long-run TFP growth. Using a new firm-level dataset from Sri Lanka's manufacturing surveys spanning over two decades and a standard model of misallocation, we show that when misallocation is eliminated, the aggregate manufacturing productivity could be boosted by 102% during 1994–2015. In addition, we find that the allocative efficiency exhibits a declining trend over time, and this rising misallocation could explain 55% of the manufacturing TFP growth slowdown in Sri Lanka. We further explore the underlying causes of the rising misallocation by quantitatively analysing the contributions of different types of firms and distortions in different markets. In the end, we qualitatively discuss potential fundamental sources in institutions and policies. Our results reveal that misallocation can be a mechanism underlying the growth slowdown of many emerging economies a decade after the liberalization reform since the late 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent or usage of capital budgeting techniques in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and the effect of non-financial factors on the choice of capital budgeting techniques adopted by SMEs. A qualitative research method of content analysis as well as an econometric quantitative analysis have been employed for this study. The study has been conducted in several divisional councils within the district of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Stratified random sampling has been used to collect a sample of SMEs from each divisional council within these divisions. Information has been gathered through questionnaires and personal interviews. Results of the study reveal that Payback Period (PBP) is the dominant capital budgeting technique used in SMEs. Results of the Multinomial logistic regression indicate that the probability of selecting Net Present Value as the capital budgeting technique is higher in foreign SMEs and in SMEs who operate in the industry for 11 to 15 years. Furthermore, being a SME decision maker with less than 10 years of experience increases the probability of selecting PBP as the capital budgeting technique. Finally, qualitative techniques used in this study indicate that cost, time and knowledge are the main reasons that deter SMEs from using capital budgeting techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The importance of glycaemic indices (GI) of starchy foods originates from its linkage with type 2 diabetes mellitus. GI of food items is measured by in vivo method which carries a degree of discomfort. We aim to find the in vitro hydrolysis index (HI) of selected starchy tubers in Sri Lanka. Research Method: The degree of hydrolysis for selected tubers was determined by in vitro starch digestion using the proportion of starch converted into maltose. The HI values of six selected tubers were calculated using the ratio between incremental areas under the hydrolysis curve for the tested tubers and the reference food (white bread). Findings: Among the selected tubers, arrowroot had the highest percentage of hydrolysis within the first 30 minutes. There was a significant difference in the percentage of hydrolysis between 60-90 minutes for the selected tubers and white bread. The HI for arrowroot, cassava, potato, purple yam, sweet potato and white yam were 84 ± 6, 114 ± 9, 89 ± 10, 74 ± 4, 104 ± 7 and 69 ± 7 respectively. Originality/Value: The HI of the selected Sri Lankan starchy tubers will be of value in future large-scale studies on traditional tubers and to predict the GI of the starchy tubers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Walawe river basin is one of the important watersheds in Sri Lanka subjected to water scarcity due to intensive exploitation for irrigation and domestic purposes. The groundwater resource in the basin is under-explored for its capacity to sustain a continuous supply of water for future demand while facing the growing climate change challenges. The objective of this study was to identify the behavior of groundwater in the Walawe river basin that flows through two major climatic zones in Sri Lanka. The study approach includes hydrogeochemical and stable isotope analysis in order to differentiate the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the basin with respect to climatic factors. Water samples from thirty-eight (38) deep wells (> 20 m), 25 shallow wells, and 14 surface water bodies were collected and measured for their major ions, and isotope ratios of δ2H and δ18O. The results indicated a clear difference in the geochemistry of groundwater between the two climatic zones of the basin. The dry zone area was characterized by a higher content of dissolved minerals as compared to that in the wet zone area. Silicate weathering, calcite dissolution, and ion exchange processes were found to be the main control of groundwater geochemistry in the basin. The Ca-HCO3-type water was found to be the predominant water type. The isotope data suggested that the groundwater in the study area is recharged mainly from the northeast monsoon rain. Isotope characteristics also suggested that direct infiltration is prominent in the wet zone regions, whereas modifications of shallow groundwater by evaporation were dominated in the dry zone areas. The findings of the study suggest that water quality management in the dry zone areas of the basin is critical for the future sustainability of the water resource of the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to examine the situation of elderly abuse globally with special reference to Sri Lanka and identify the key factors for the issue. This paper draws upon secondary data and it also includes five case studies from Sri Lanka, as this is an ongoing research project. The main problem in researching this issue is the lack of accurate data due to elderly people not speaking out against abuse by their caregivers or family. However, with the prevailing data it is estimated that nearly 1 in 6 elderly persons over 60 years of age experience some kind of violence globally. In Sri Lanka, it is far more under-reported than globally due to a variety of social and cultural reasons. The elders’ living arrangements is one of the main reasons for this issue. Because, many elders live with their adult children and therefore the elders view themselves as having no other option but to tolerate their situation rather than complicate it further. The elders experience violence within their own homes and it is the female elders who are subjected to relatively more violence in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dengue is a severe and notifiable infection in Sri Lanka and other tropical countries. There are other febrile illnesses,which have the same symptoms as dengue. Identifying early changing markers in blood and their changing patterns in dengue and other febrile illnesses will help to differentiate dengue patients from other febrile illnesses.It is important for the early recovery and management of the dengue patients. Methods: Dengue suspected 288 patients were selected from adult medical wards in Teaching hospital-Peradeniya, after initial screening process. Out of whole population, 56% were RT-PCR positive for dengue and RT-PCR negative population (44%) was named as other febrile illnesses. Results of variations in liver enzymes, full blood count (FBC), demographic and hospitalization details in both groups were obtained from hospital records. Results: Male predominance and highly affected young population were detected in both groups. Number of days from onset of fever to admission to the hospital is lower and hospitalization period is higher in dengue than other febrile illnesses. On admission, higher level of aspartate transaminase, significant lymphopenia and higher mean cell volume (MCV) were noticed in dengue patients. On discharge, lower total white blood cell count, lower absolute lymphocyte count, lower platelet count and increased levels of transaminases were detected in dengue compared with other febrile illnesses.Conclusion: From dengue suspected admissions, 44% was due to other febrile illnesses which was very difficult to distinguish by symptoms of dengue. Young patients with male predominance is common in dengue as well as in other febrile illnesses. Recovery of cytopenia in FBC and normalization of liver transaminases were lower in dengue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. (Family: Ebenaceae), is a native tree of India and Sri Lanka. The species has been used extensively in Indian traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases including diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, intermittent fevers, bleeding gums, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc. Commercially, its leaves are used in the manufacture of Indian crude cigarette 'bidi'. Despite of its medicinal and economic importance the genetic structure of D. melanoxylon has not been elucidated. The present study reports the first attempt of genetic dissection of D. melanoxylon using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers. The nature and extent of genetic diversity of 48 genotypes, collected from 8 districts, growing naturally in different parts of the Jharkhand, were determined. The RAPD fingerprints detected 73.96% polymorphism among 96 genetic loci amplified. The dendrogram thus generated resulted into clustering of populations into population specific groups as well as admixture of populations. The genotypes from West Singhbhum were clustered separately from the other genotypes. The mean value for Shannon's index (I), Nei's genetic diversity (h), observed numbers of allele (na), effective numbers of alleles (ne) was 0.3618, 0.2375, 1.7396, and 1.3969, respectively. The calculated gene flow was found to be 1.0776, indicative of a high amount of genetic exchange within the species. The result presented here can be a stepping stone for future researches on the population genetics of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to find out research gaps concerning four variables, namely, highperformance work practices (HPWP), organisational justice, work engagement, and job performance for future systematic empirical investigation. The ultimate objective is to provide a conceptual framework for empirical research study of the relationships among these four variables. The present researchers have identified four theoretical and six empirical gaps through a desk research study by reviewing research works published from 1990 to 2020. As there is no evidence on investigating how perceived high-performance work practices, organisational justice and employee engagement related to employee job performance in a theoretical model simultaneously, the present researchers have developed a theoretical framework showing association among these four variables for future empirical studies. The ten research gaps identified through literature review can be used in future studies to contribute to the existing knowledge of these four variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aegle marmelos L. (Bael) is a native tree fruit species in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Bael is a popular fruit because of its significant nutritional and medicinal properties. However, bael is an underutilized fruit species in Sri Lanka. Thus, Fruit Crop Research and Development Station of the Department of Agriculture of Sri Lanka has selected five elite bael accessions (Beheth Beli, Paragammana, Mawanella, Rambukkana, and Polonnaruwa-Supun). We assessed these five accessions for the variation of the fruit size, pulp, organoleptic preference, elemental properties, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history. The fruits at the golden-ripe stage were collected during the peak fruiting seasons in 2015, 2016, and 2017. The fruit size, pulp, shell thickness, and seed size were measured and subjected to the General Linear Model (GLM) and Principal Component (PC) Analyses. The fruit pulp was distributed among a group of 30 taste-panelists to rank for the parameters: external appearance, flesh color, aroma, texture, sweetness, and overall preference. The rank data were subjected to association and PC analyses. The elemental contents of the fruit pulp samples were measured using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and subjected to GLM and PC analyses. We observed a significant diversity in fruit size, organoleptic preference, and elemental contents among bael accessions. Rambukkana and Polonnaruwa-Supun yield the biggest and most preferred fruits. We used trnH-psbA, atpB-rbcL spacer, matk-trnT spacer, and trnL markers to construct phylogenies. Sri Lankan bael split from an Indian counterpart, approximately 8.52 MYA in the Pliocene epoch. However, broader germplasm of Indian bael must be assessed to see the presence of any independent evolution within Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Gelatinization, pasting, digestibility and estimated glycaemic index of six high amylose rice varieties differing in length/width ratio were studied. Amylose content ranged narrowly (27.8–29.1%). Resistant starch content ranged from 0.44% to 1.4%. In contrast to gelatinisation enthalpy, gelatinisation temperature (GT) ranged narrowly (76.7–77.4 °C). For all rice varieties, melting temperature of amylose‐lipid complex I and II was around 99 °C and 110 °C, respectively. The enthalpy of amylose‐lipid complex I and II ranged between 0.18–0.87 and 0.23–0.55, respectively. Expected in vitro glycaemic index (GI) of all tested varieties was similar (88.2–92.4). The results showed that the size of the rice grain (length/width) and resistant starch content had no apparent impact on the GI of high amylose rice. The dominant factors determining the digestibility and glycaemic response of the tested high amylose rice varieties seemed to be amylose content and the GT. Besides the pasting temperature, other pasting properties varied significantly but were not correlated to starch digestibility and estimated GI among the six rice varieties. Thus, RVA pasting properties, except for pasting temperature, may not be good predictors for the GI of these high amylose rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luffa acutangula and L. aegyptiaca are two vegetable species commonly found in South and South East Asia. L. acutangula is widely grown; however, L. aegyptiaca is considered as an underutilized crop. The species delimits, phylogenetic positions, and the varietal identities of L. acutangula and L. aegyptiaca in Sri Lanka are not known. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to establish the species delimits and varietal identities of L. acutangula and L. aegyptiaca varieties grown in Sri Lanka using morphometric, phylogenetic and organoleptic assessments. We assessed five varieties of L. acutangula and three varieties of L. aegyptiaca. The vegetative and reproductive data were collected for the morphometric analysis and DNA sequence polymorphism of the makers rbcL, trnH-psbA and ITS for the phylogenetic analysis. We also conducted an organoleptic assessment based on taste parameters; aroma, bitterness, color, texture, and overall preference using the dishes prepared according to the most common Sri Lankan recipe for Luffa. The variation of the vegetative and reproductive traits grouped L. acutangula varieties into two distinct clusters. The trnH-psbA polymorphism provided the basis for the species delimits of L. acutangula and L. aegyptiaca. The rbcL and ITS polymorphisms provided the basis for the identities of the varieties of L. aegyptiaca and L. acutangula respectively. In the phylogeny, the L. acutangula varieties of Sri Lanka formed a unique clade and the L. aegyptiaca varieties formed a reciprocal monophyletic group in comparison to worldwide L. aegyptiaca reported. The taste parameters aroma, texture, color, and overall preference were significantly different among the Luffa varieties. The L. aegyptiaca varieties received lower preference in the organoleptic assessment. The present study sets the species delimits, phylogenetic positions and the varietal identities of the cultivated germplasm of Luffa and revealed the distinct morphological and organoleptic properties of each variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though the traditional live demonstration method is commonly used in teaching laboratory techniques to dental students, it has many drawbacks. The aim of this study was to assess the acquisition of knowledge, practical skills, and perceptions of dental students who had a live demonstration versus procedural video on arranging artificial teeth. All 79 third-year dental students at a dental school in Sri Lanka, who had no previous experience in arrangement of teeth, were randomly divided into two groups in 2016. Students in group 1 had a live demonstration, while students in group 2 had a video demonstration. A pretest and posttest were conducted to assess the students' knowledge about arrangement of teeth. After one week, students in both groups were requested to arrange teeth, and a practical skills score was given. Following this, a questionnaire was used to assess the students' perceptions regarding their method of learning. Three students in group 1 did not attend the live demonstration, so the results were based on 76 participants: group 1 n=36, group 2 n=40. The results showed no significant difference between the two group's mean pretest scores (p=0.460). However, group 2 showed a statistically significant increase in mean posttest score over its pretest score (p=0.002). This difference was not seen in group 1. There was no significant difference in the mean skills test score for the two groups (p=0.588). These results suggest the procedural video was as good as the live demonstration in teaching the specific task selected for this study. However, when the perceptions of the two groups were compared, the students considered the video as a better teaching tool except when clarification was needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing of population will affect the size and the composition of the labour force as the age structure undergoes changes with the ageing process. In the developed world, 'healthy ageing' and 'active ageing' are very common terms used when speaking about ageing of individuals. The communities and the country can utilize the invaluable life experience and the accumulated knowledge of the elderly people by creating appropriate working environments for the elderly. The elderly people who are willing to be engaged in income generating activities need to be supported. Therefore, this paper attempts to identify the economically active elderly people by their health status and district, which will be an important measure in the process of evidence-based policy making in connection with the ageing issues. The data source for this study is the Household Income and Expenditure Survey - 2010 conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics. Descriptive and multi various analysis used to describe the status of the elderly by district. This study reveals that the participation in economic activities of the urban sector elderly are comparatively lower than the other two sectors. The estate sector elderly are reported to be healthy. The economically active status of the elderly people reveals that Monoragala, Anuradhapura, Batticaloa and Matale districts have comparatively more percentages of economically active elderly people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depth vs. damage curves were developed for a flood risk assessment carried out in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The major elements of the damage assessment comprised building fabrics, building contents, distributed infrastructure and vehicles. Current approaches to damage function development were improved on by separating damage to building fabric and contents; using actual building footprints rather than assigning building functions to city zones; assessing infrastructure damage accurately; and incorporating damage to vehicles. Information sources included infrastructure agencies, bills of quantities for buildings, expert consultations, household surveys and insurance agencies. The building fabric was assigned three categories, namely semi-permanent, single storey and two storey. The building contents were classified into 7 types based on function as warehouse/storage, industrial, shops, offices, residential, educational and health. The proportion of contents asset values to that of the fabric ranged from 1.67 for warehouse/storage to 0.20for educational. Both ‘what-if’ analyses and historic data were used to generate the curves. Data were obtained as losses per unit area or unit length; or as point losses.For the 140 square km urban area, the generated flood damages ranged from USD 37 to 549 million for return periods from 5 to 100 years, with average inundation depths ranging from 0.48 m to 1.28 m (and outliers up to 5.8 m). The total non-residential to residential building damage increased with return period (and together accounted for 75-85% of damage). The residential contents to fabric damage ratio was generally around 1.5. The percentage damage to infrastructure was not very significant, although that to vehicles was, especially at lower return periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Province of Sri Lanka, is comprised of the 03 most densely populated districts, and is home to the administrative and business capital of the country. The Province contributes the highest share, around 41.2%, to the GDP. The mega scale development projects implemented in this province are often challenged by urban flooding, which is caused by heavy rainfall coupled up with urban expansion, deficiencies in the drainage systems, insufficient retention capacity etc., and there is a prioritized need to reduce the impact of floods. This paper presents the results of a qualitative flood risk assessment at the scale of Grama Niladhari (GN) Division, which is the lowest administrative unit in the country. The essence of the method applied for delineating the combined flood risk levels is a statistical expression of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Three types of vulnerabilities, namely, social, economic, and physical (housing), have been considered. The results influence to conclude that the flood risk of population is more sensitive to economic vulnerability than to social vulnerability; also that the type of housing units is a reasonable indicator for assessing the risk of housing. The application of risk information in the decision making process reduces the future flood risk as it allows integration of flood mitigation options during development planning, reduce the vulnerability of population and allocate sufficient funding for relief and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To identify the effects of sociodemographic status, family history, and lifestyle habits on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting serum insulin (FSI) levels in apparently healthy subjects. Methods. Information was gathered using an interviewer-administered questionnaire from 227 apparently healthy nondiabetic subjects residing in a suburban area in Sri Lanka. Venous blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for FBG and FSI analysis. Correlations and differences were analyzed using SPSS (ver. 17) software. Results. The majority of the subjects were females, having secondary or tertiary education, monthly income ≥Rs. 25,000 (USD 175), and a positive family history of diabetes. Among the subjects, 10.1% were identified as prediabetics and the majority had familial diabetes with monthly income ≥Rs. 25,000 (USD 175). Subjects with high income had significantly higher mean FBG. In addition FBG had a significant correlation with age. Males and subjects with less than 6 hours/day sleeping duration at night had significantly higher FBG. Subjects with less vigorous physical activity and longer sitting duration had significantly higher FSI levels. Conclusions. Increasing age, higher income, positive familial history of diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, and short sleep at night have positive impact on glycaemic status in apparently healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rabies is a global problem which occurs in more than 150 countries and territories including Sri Lanka, where human deaths from rabies are in decline whilst resources incurred for prevention of rabies are in sharp incline over the years. In this backdrop, we aim to audit the post-exposure treatment (PET) in rabies and the pattern of animal bites in a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka.Methods: This study was carried out at Teaching Hospital Peradeniya (THP), in the Central Province of Sri Lanka from 2007-2012 where a registry of all PET has been maintained. The data from registries were extracted after obtaining permission from the hospital authority for analysis.Results: There were 19 661 cases of animal exposure presented to the THP over the study period of 5 ears. Of them, the majority-17431(88.66 %) were definitive animal bites whilst scratches accounted for 2147(10.92 %) and 83(0.42 %) were miscellaneous exposures. According to the severity grading of injuries, 7 362(37 %) were major bites and 12 226(62 %) were minor bites. The domestic unvaccinated dogs and cats were responsible for 10,662 (54 %) and 3,982 (20 %) of exposures respectively. The total cost incurred for both anti-rabies vaccine and anti rabies serum during the study period is 24,795,888.00 Sri Lankan rupees (190,737.60US$).Conclusions: The pattern of animal bite shows high dominance of domestic dogs and cats exposures. The age of victims ranged from infancy to old-age with higher incidence among children. Even though PET is costly, continued surveillance and rabies control is still necessary along with public education and vaccination of domestic pets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidences of breast, cervical and uterine malignancies continue to increase in Sri Lanka. It is important to explore the awareness of both women and their male partners regarding these malignancies and available screening services as it would determine the health seeking behaviours of females.Methods: This was a cross sectional survey of couples residing in the Galle District of the Southern province of Sri Lanka. The sample was selected from all 17 health administrative divisions of the district. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data on demography and level of awareness (risk factors, symptoms, signs, screening services) of breast, cervical and uterine cancers. Same questionnaire was used for both sexes except for gender specific questions.Results: A total of 282 (n-282, 564 individuals) couples were interviewed. The level of awareness regarding all malignancies was low. More than 50% of participants in both sexes scored less than half the points on a questionnaire testing awareness. Better family income, better education and permanent employment showed a significant association with better awareness in both sexes (univariate analysis). Encouragement by male partner was associated with better participation in some instances.Conclusions: Community based health education on female malignancies needs to target both sexes. Educating males is important as, i) male partners can encourage females to utilize screening services and ii) some screening and preventive measures are relevant to males also. Better awareness of males may increase the uptake of screening services by females in societies with male dominant gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to assess nutritional status, dietary diversity and lifestyle risk factors associated with undernutrition in an institutionalised Sri Lankan elderly population.Design: The study was of cross-sectional design followed by a stratified sampling method.Setting: Twelve homes for the elderly recruited from six provinces in Sri Lanka.Subjects: A total of 311 institutionalised elderly aged ≥60 years.Results: The mean age of the study population was 75 (sd 8) years. Prevalence of undernutrition was 30 %. Mean food variety score, dietary diversity score and dietary serving score of the study population were 8·7 (sd 1·5), 7·3 (sd 1·2) and 10·9 (sd 2·0), respectively. Mean daily intakes of fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, eggs and pulses and dairy portions were below the national recommendations, whereas the mean consumption of sugar exceeded the national recommendation. Only the mean intake of starch was within the recommendation. Food allergies (OR=8·0; 95 % CI 3·9, 16·2), skipping meals (OR=3·8; 95 % CI 2·0, 7·5) and lack of leisure activities (OR=3·1; 95 % CI 1·5, 6·7) significantly increased the risk of undernutrition, whereas the use of dentures decreased the risk (OR=0·20; 95 % CI 0·06, 0·69).Conclusions: High prevalence of undernutrition and low dietary diversity were observed in an institutionalised elderly Sri Lankan population. Therefore, there is an urgent need to implement nutrition interventions as part of geriatric care to reduce undernutrition and improve the diets of the institutionalised elderly population in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]