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This paper will examine the critical role that Doña Marina played as a linguistic and cultural conduit between the Spanish conquistadors and the Mesoamerican people during the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire. This paper investigates her involvement in three key encounters between the Spanish and the Mesoamericans that shaped the outcome of the conquest: the negotiation at Tlaxcala, the circumvention of an ambush plot at Cholollan, and success in persuading the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II to accept captivity at Tenochtitlan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Christophorus Columbus arrived at American soil in 1942, one of the saddest chapters of its history started upon the territorial conquest. Spanish conquerors were ruthless with indigenous habitants, sometimes taking them as slaves and in some other cases making them victims of genocide. Spanish conquerors carried with them smallpox, a veiled biological weapon helping them to decimate the American indigenous population. Smallpox became an acute eruptive disease that killed more people than conquerors themselves, so allowing Spanish forces easily dominate American lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Documentary evidence for the demographic impact of Spanish conquest and colonial rule in the Philippines suggests that the pre-Spanish population was about 1.5 million. This is higher than previous estimates and implies that the decline in the early colonial period was greater than often supposed. However, the decline was lower than that associated with Spanish conquest in the Americas. The more moderate impact of Old World diseases in the Philippines cannot be attributed to immunity that Filipinos had acquired through contacts with Asia in pre-Spanish times, but to the low population density and difficult communications between and within the islands that impeded their spread. Despite new colonial policies aimed at the more peaceful acquisition of new territories, conquest in the Philippines was accompanied by considerable bloodshed. However, in the longer term the impact of colonial rule was moderated by the limited Spanish presence that resulted from the remoteness of the islands from Spain and the limited opportunities there for wealth creation, notably in the form of precious minerals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]