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The appearance of the hygienist movement in the mid-nineteenth century, social and educational changes linked to the schooling process that took place in this century and the scientific study of childhood, developed at the turn of the century period, led to a growing concern for school hygiene. This article intends to describe the first sanitary and hygienic measures taken by both municipal authorities as by health and education authorities, on school population of Navarre at the time of a public system establishment of primary education. As in most local governments throughout Navarre Restoration, including Pamplona, the attention to the supply of primary education was dependent on hardship and limitations. The situation was even worse, with regard to hygienic-educational field by a shortage of institutions designed to relieve the poor health of schoolchildren in disadvantaged social classes. The first test for municipal authorities, as well as faculty and medical corps were cholera pandemics of 1855 and 1885. These and other epidemics had consequences that, as well as support and control, performed the first steps for the creation, years later, of the health-school inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]