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We sought to identify environmental factors influencing crustacean zooplankton species richness in brackish lagoons and to elucidate whether crustacean zooplankton species richness and trophic structure of brackish lagoons differ among two regions with contrasting temperatures. We sampled 35 and 42 brackish lagoons (salinity ranging from 0.3 to 55‰) in Mediterranean Catalonia (NE Spain) and northern-temperate Denmark, respectively. No significant differences were found in total crustacean zooplankton species richness or cladoceran richness between the climatic regions. Calanoid richness was higher in Denmark than in Catalonia, while cyclopoid richness was higher in Catalonia. Salinity was the most important variable associated with zooplankton species richness in both regions, richness of total zooplankton species, cladocerans and cyclopoids being negatively related with salinity. In both regions, a shift occurred from dominance of large filter feeding cladoceran species at low salinities to copepods and small cladoceran species at higher salinities. Cladoceran richness increased with increasing total phosphorus, but was not influenced by total nitrogen or chlorophyll-a. Trophic structure in Mediterranean brackish lagoons showed a more pronounced seasonal variation than in north temperate brackish lagoons. Our results imply that the indirect effects of climate warming, such as changes in salinity and hydrology, will have a larger impact on brackish lagoon ecosystems than the increase in temperature per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of biomass among phytoplankton and free-living invertebrates was analysed in a shallow Mediterranean salt marsh submitted to fluctuating water level. Among phytoplankton, biomass accumulated in sizes dominated by mixotrophic species, indicating a competitive advantage for these species, which also prey on other smaller primary producers. Among invertebrates, biomass accumulated in the larger sizes, corresponding to species which partially exploit other nearby systems, such as the aerial environment (insects), or to those able to exploit particulated organic matter in marsh-bed sediment (amphipods). Biomass distribution models developed for pelagic systems are discussed in relation to fluctuating temporary waters. The integrated spectrum approximated (r2 = 0.96) a Pareto distribution with a slope of c = 1.38. Intense disturbances caused a decrease in r2 and an increase in c. Under stable conditions, two different tendencies were observed, depending on the degree of eutrophy of the basins: higher values of c were measured in the more eutrophic basins, and lower values in the less eutrophic ones. We hypothesize that highly irregular nutrient input could explain these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Differences in size and species diversity were analysed in a zooplankton community of a Mediterranean salt marsh (Empordà wetlands, NE Iberian Peninsula), where the dominance of a single species was frequent. In the permanent salt marsh, species diversity and size diversity had similar patterns along zooplankton succession. In the temporary salt marsh species diversity was high after flooding and diminished once water inputs ceased. As species diversity declined size diversity increased. Eventually, one species of calanoid dominated the zooplankton community. The high size diversity in situations of calanoid dominance was possibly due to the co-occurrence of different developmental stages, each of which have different diets. Size diversity would thus indicate trophic niche segregation among different sizes. The combined use of species and size diversity values allows the identification of the successional phases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Coastal wetlands, as transient links from terrestrial to marine environments, are important for nitrogen removal by denitrification. Denitrification strongly depends on both the presence of emergent plants and the denitrifier communities selected by different plant species. In this study, the effects of vegetation and habitat heterogeneity on the community of denitrifying bacteria were investigated in nine coastal wetlands in two preserved areas of Spain. Sampling locations were selected to cover a range of salinity (0.81 to 31.3 mS/cm) and nitrate concentrations (0.1 to 303 μM NO3-), allowing the evaluation of environmental variables that select for denitrifier communities in the rhizosphere of Phragmites sp., Ruppia sp., and Paspalum sp. Potential nitrate reduction rates were found to be dependent on the sampling time and plant species and related to the denitrifier community structure, which was assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the functional genes nirS, nirK and nosZ. The results showed that denitrifier community structure was also governed by plant species and salinity, with significant influences of other variables, such as sampling time and location. Ruppia sp. and Phragmites sp. selected for certain communities, whereas this was not the case for Paspalum sp. The plant species effect was strongest on nirK-type denitrifiers, whereas water carbon content was a significant factor defining the structure of the nosZ-harboring community. The differences recognized using the three functional gene markers indicated that different drivers act on denitrifying populations capable of complete denitrification, compared to the overall denitrifier community. This finding may have implications for emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide.

Climate warming may lead to changes in the trophic structure and diversity of shallow lakes as a combined effect of increased temperature and salinity and likely increased strength of trophic interactions. We investigated the potential effects of temperature, salinity and fish on the plant-associated macroinvertebrate community by introducing artificial plants in eight comparable shallow brackish lakes located in two climatic regions of contrasting temperature: cold-temperate and Mediterranean. In both regions, lakes covered a salinity gradient from freshwater to oligohaline waters. We undertook day and night-time sampling of macroinvertebrates associated with the artificial plants and fish and free-swimming macroinvertebrate predators within artificial plants and in pelagic areas. Our results showed marked differences in the trophic structure between cold and warm shallow lakes. Plant-associated macroinvertebrates and free-swimming macroinvertebrate predators were more abundant and the communities richer in species in the cold compared to the warm climate, most probably as a result of differences in fish predation pressure. Submerged plants in warm brackish lakes did not seem to counteract the effect of fish predation on macroinvertebrates to the same extent as in temperate freshwater lakes, since small fish were abundant and tended to aggregate within the macrophytes. The richness and abundance of most plant-associated macroinvertebrate taxa decreased with salinity. Despite the lower densities of plant-associated macroinvertebrates in the Mediterranean lakes, periphyton biomass was lower than in cold temperate systems, a fact that was mainly attributed to grazing and disturbance by fish. Our results suggest that, if the current process of warming entails higher chances of shallow lakes becoming warmer and more saline, climatic change may result in a decrease in macroinvertebrate species richness and abundance in shallow lakes.

Nutrient (N and P), heavy metal (Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) and pesticide (DDT, DDD, DDE, lindane, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, permethrin, atrazine and simazine) concentrations in water and sediment were analysed in the Empordà Wetlands, a Mediterranean wetland area in NE Spain. Mean nutrient and contaminant concentrations and input and output loads via tributaries were compared in two marshes with different water turnover: a freshwater marsh (FWM), with a high water turnover rate due to continuous surface water inputs and outputs, and a brackish water marsh (BWM), with lower turnover and no continuous surface output, where water remains confined during dry periods. Mean concentrations of most heavy metals exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in BWM, whilst only some pesticides reached MPC in FWM. The confined waters of BWM showed higher sensitivity to contaminant input loadings than FWM due to the lack of continuous water outputs. Non-point source pollution inputs during runoff (mainly in FWM) and concentration during confinement (mainly in BWM) showed as the main environmental problems related to nutrients and contaminants in these ecosystems. Thus, the importance of confinement and its effect on pollutant concentrations must be borne in mind to achieve correct management of Mediterranean wetlands.