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Objective. Since red cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease and inflammation in several conditions, the main aim of this study was to evaluate its prognostic value in RA patients and its potential associations with clinical features. Methods. The history of CV events was retrospectively reviewed in 160 RA patients and RDW was recorded at disease onset and 6 and 12 months after diagnosis to calculate the accumulated value [area under the curve (AUC) RDW] and change during the first year (ΔRDW). In addition, RDW was analysed in 110 patients with established disease in relation to clinical features. Results. Increased RDW at diagnosis and AUC RDW were able to predict the occurrence of CV events in RA patients [hazard ratio (HR) 1.247 (95% CI 1.079, 1.441), P = 0.003 and HR 1.038 (95% CI 1.018, 1.059), P = 0.0001, respectively] after adjusting by potential confounding factors. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed a better power of discrimination for the AUC RDW (P = 3.394 x 10-5). In addition, an increase in RDW during the first year was associated with poor CV outcome (P = 0.010). On the other hand, RDW in patients with established RA was significantly associated with disease activity, acute phase reactants and severity. Conclusion. RDW at disease onset may be used as an early marker of CV risk in RA, whereas in patients with established disease it was related to the activity of the disease. These findings suggest that RDW can be considered as a surrogate marker of inflammation and, consequently, CV risk in RA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular populations and regulatory factors responsible for B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) overexpression in SLE patients.Methods. Surface and intracellular BLyS levels were quantified by flow cytometry in healthy and SLE monocytes cultured in the presence of TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, GM-CSF and SLE immune complexes (SLE-ICs), while soluble BLyS was measured by ELISA. Also, both surface and intracellular BLyS expression by different cell subsets was determined in 23 SLE patients and 16 healthy controls. Disease activity was assessed using classic BILAG index.Results. In vitro experiments using healthy monocytes showed that IFN-α and SLE-ICs induced a progressive increase in surface-bound BLyS with respect to the intracellular stores. IFN-α-treated SLE monocytes, especially from patients with high anti-dsDNA levels or disease activity, exhibited higher intracellular levels of BLyS that was mobilized to the membrane more rapidly and subsequently released. Furthermore, ex vivo analysis of SLE patients revealed up-regulated BLyS expression in B cells, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs), whereas active patients had an increased surface:intracellular BLyS ratio in monocytes and myeloid DCs.Conclusion. Monocyte BLyS induction and mobilization from intra- to extracellular compartments seems to be influenced by IFN-α and disease activity or anti-dsDNA levels. Accordingly, monocytes and myeloid DCs from active patients presented the highest membrane-bound:intracellular BLyS ratio. In addition, expression levels in several blood cells support the existence of generalized immune stimulation in SLE patients. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective. To investigate the relative amounts of Th17 and Th1 cells present in SLE patients and the possible effects of treatments or disease features on these populations.Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 75 SLE patients and 19 healthy controls and the proportion of Th17 and Th1 populations were assessed by flow cytometry measuring the amount of IL-17 and IFN-γ-producing cells. Gene expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), STAT4, IL-6R and IL-12R were determined in 30 patients and 8 healthy individuals by real-time RT–PCR. Data were related to clinical and immunological parameters and to the treatment followed during the past 3 months.Results. Th17 cells and the Th17/Th1 ratio were significantly increased in SLE patients treated with glucocorticoids compared with healthy individuals, untreated patients or those under other treatments. No association was detected with clinical parameters, but patients with anti-ENA antibodies also displayed increased Th17 responses. Disease activity (SLEDAI) is associated with the Th17/Th1 index only in glucocorticoid-treated patients. In line with these results, gene expression of STAT3 and IL-6R was up-regulated in patients taking these drugs. Accordingly, we found a positive correlation between the Th17/Th1 ratio and STAT3 levels.Conclusions. The present work provides the first evidence that aberrant Th17/Th1 balance in SLE is linked to the use of glucocorticoids and suggests that the up-regulatory effect of these drugs on the Th17 population could be associated with their ability to increase STAT3 and IL-6R expression. Additionally, anti-ENA positivity could represent a potential biomarker for Th17 bias. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and Aims: Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity is increased in inflammatory joint diseases (IJD), as rheumatoid (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Whereas increased prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis has been reported in these conditions, whether an early myocardial functionality is also impaired remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the myocardial functionality by speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) in recent onset RA and PsA patients and its potential associations with the levels of circulating CD34  +  cells, vitamin D, and with disease activity., Methods: STE was used to assess the myocardial functionality in patients with very early RA (n = 41) and PsA (n = 35) without traditional CV risk factors, and 58 matched healthy controls (HC). Global longitudinal and circumferential strain (GLS and GCS) was estimated. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) were measured as surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. Circulating CD34  +  counts were evaluated by flow cytometry and vitamin D levels were quantified by HPLC. Disease activity was assessed by Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28)., Results: RA patients exhibited impaired GLS and GCS (both p < 0.001) as compared to HC, GLS being also altered in PsA (p = 0.020 vs. HC). DAS28 was correlated to GLS (r = 0.908, p < 0.001) and GCS (r = 0.868, p < 0.001) in RA, these findings being confirmed by multivariate regression analyses adjusted for confounders and Principal Component Analyses. GLS and GCS were impaired in PsA patients with high disease activity as compared to HC, and GLS was found to be a predictor of cIMT in this condition. On the other hand, vitamin D was negatively associated with cIMT in HC (r = -0.308, p = 0.026) but not in PsA or RA, although decreased levels were observed (both p < 0.001). Vitamin D was an independent predictor of decreased CD34  +  levels in PsA and RA. CD34  +  counts negatively correlated DAS28, GLS and GCS in RA., Conclusions: Subclinical myocardial dysfunction is observed in IJD patients with preserved left-ventricular function and without traditional CV risk factors. Subclinical myocardial dysfunction was found to be a very early event in IJD. Disease activity was the main predictor of myocardial strain impairment. Interestingly, myocardial function was altered and associated with cIMT also in PsA patients with high disease activity., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)