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According to the selective exposure hypothesis, media consumption is determined by the ideological predispositions of individuals, who aim to confirm their opinions through media content. This research explores the role of the public state-owned radio and television corporation, Radio Televisión Española (RTVE), as a facilitator of transversal exposure, that is, consumption that is not aligned with individuals’ prior convictions. Through a quantitative methodology based on contingency tables and the calculation of corrected typed residuals, and through the CIS post-electoral studies, we analyse the relevance of ideology, partisan identification and interest in public issues as predictors of public television and radio consumption over a period of 11 years (2008-2019) in Spain. The results indicate that being a voter of the party in government and sharing its ideology are related to a higher likelihood of consuming RTVE television channels. In addition, the results show a higher transversal exposure of public radio, compared to television, which is more strongly influenced by the ideology and partisanship of the audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Communication / Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación is the property of Revista Mediterranea de Comunicacion / Mediterranean Journal of Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public broadcasting media are facing the need to reconnect with the younger audience, who are moving away from traditional TV consumption in favour of over-the-top (OTT) content. In the case of public media, this is happening in a context that involves the need for revalidation and the necessity to face the worldwide services challenge imposed by the strong specialization of OTTs. In Spain, political instrumentalization and financial problems are adding pressure to the chronically fragile media. This article addresses the strategies of public broadcasters in reconnecting with younger audiences. It focuses on the online offering of Playz directed at the youth market. Using a case analysis research strategy, the results show the absence of a clear strategy for Playz. The findings also indicate the lack of a clear definition of public service goals, although the content is consistent with Public Service Media (PSM) expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the article is divided into two parts: the first one starts with an introduction to the principle of universality of public service and its implementation in Spain, and here we also refer to the recent situation of the public broadcaster, Televisión Española (TVE), when it comes to funding and audience. In the second part we analyze the two digital dividends that have taken place in Spain, including the auction for band spectrum in July 2021, and we also study the confronting positions of the 'open' audiovisual sector stakeholders and companies and the Spanish government. Among the objectives that we pretend with this article are to alert about the looming uncertainty for open access televisions --either public or private-- and their principles of universality and free access. This is due to the legislation that right now is applied to implement the 5G technology in Spain. In the conclusions these questions are answered, even though this is an important issue in continuous evolution, and we look forward to follow-up and be able to update them in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Communication / Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación is the property of Revista Mediterranea de Comunicacion / Mediterranean Journal of Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mass media, and especially television, are powerful discursive instruments, responsible for the construction of social imagery through ideologically determined content. For this reason, the creation of a regulatory body with authority over the audiovisual sector in countries without one was urged by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 2000. Spain is the only EU country without an audiovisual council with authority at the state level. Currently, only the Audiovisual Council of Catalonia (CAC), created in 2000, and the Audiovisual Council of Andalusia (CAA), which dates from 2004, operate in Spain. Within an environment increasingly marked by hate speech, this research analyzes the proceedings of the Andalusian and Catalan Audiovisual Councils between 2004 and 2019 as it pertains to discrimination against vulnerable groups. Every pronouncement made by both councils on potentially discriminatory discourses was retrieved (n=156). These were content analyzed by codifying, among others, the following variables: type of action, the source that motivated it, the disseminating media outlet, the evaluated content, the type of discrimination alleged, the decision taken, and the type of sanction imposed by the councils, as the case may be. The results indicate that most of the actions concerned involve discrimination against women, originate from third-party complaints and target content broadcast on public television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the global financial crisis of 2007/2008, five European countries called for external financial assistance. Austerity policies were implemented, but the extent to which the bailout deal impacted the Portuguese and Spanish public service broadcasters has not been yet thoroughly investigated. Both born in dictatorial regimes, these public service broadcasters in democratic contexts followed different solutions for governance and funding. This article investigates the changes produced in the Portuguese and Spanish public media under the austerity era, analysing the policy measures implemented, as well as the economic and ratings performance of both public service broadcasters. The aim is to assess if external factors (such as external assistance) originated similar effects in both countries. Results show that, in spite of different funding and governance models adopted, both public services were heavily impacted in terms of revenues and ratings and that the austerity period provided the context to set up a neoliberal ideological point-of-view. Both public services lost legitimacy and their cultural and political role was undermined by a discussion that was grounded on economic factors alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2021 marked the 40th anniversary of the so-called 23F, or the February 23, 1981, military coup d’état attempt that threatened democracy in Spain after the end of Francoism. In the last four decades, the canonical narrative about this event has been based on televisual images recorded in two main locations: the Congress, where a group of military men tried to seize power, and Zarzuela Palace, where King Juan Carlos I gave a speech supporting democracy. Radio Televisión Española (RTVE), then a monopolistic enterprise, captured and broadcast these events. This article analyzes the ways in which RTVE, a public service broadcaster (PSB), has managed this collective patrimony. Hence, it scrutinizes the role of PSBs and how they have evolved into digitally centered public service media. It compares RTVE’s coverage and positioning in the contemporary digital mediascape with other audiovisual materials in the ongoing 23F narrations. For that purpose, it details the available contents on RTVE’s website to determine how they are organized. Complementarily, it examines how 23F exists on YouTube to study alternative networks of exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a growing volume of academic literature on the subject, transmedia fiction and non-fiction production is now one of the main areas driving innovation in media companies, thanks to the improvements it brings in numerous interconnected fields: narrative and content, management and productive strategy, brand promotion, etc. In this context the article focuses on transmedia linked to public broadcasting companies, starting with a qualitative study based on interviews with expert professionals from thirteen corporations in Spain, one operating at the national level (RTVE) and twelve at the regional level (A Punt Media, CARTV, CCMA, CRTVG, CMM, EITB, EPRTVIB, RTVM, RTPA, RTVA, RTRM and RTVC). The results show how professionals view the concept of transmedia production, its advantages, disadvantages and the challenges it poses, which depend on these corporations' service and relationship with audiences. As the conclusions state, the keys factors for understanding the professional transmedia strategy of public broadcasting corporations are found in the characteristics of today's media market, which is suffering from budget cuts and growing competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the role of foreign content in the public broadcasting corporations from two major European markets, Spain and the United Kingdom. Through a quantitative approach to schedules and in-depth interviews with the heads of the acquisitions departments, it is demonstrated that RTVE and BBC, both public media corporations, have a very different approach to the scheduling of acquisitions due to their distinct concept of public service remit. While in Spain this is focused on the cultural diversity of programmes, the approach in the United Kingdom is to only promote British productions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current high public deficit situation of the Spanish economy lead us to analyse the management of public service companies, their allocation of resources and how well they are used. Within this article, we shall compare the efficiency of regional public service broadcasters (PSBs) in Spain using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and benchmarking. That will be done with two goals in mind. One, to evaluate and compare the performance of regional public television networks. And two, to propose policy measures to improve management efficiency. The results from the study indicate that more than a half of public television services in Spain are inefficient. It is recommended that the television services change some of their inputs/outputs to enhance efficiency and ensure future sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. While the model of public service television that focuses on audiences has been traditionally criticised for being more akin to the commercial television model than to the public service broadcasting model, contemporary literature points out that in the age of digitisation and convergence audience participation is precisely a key element of public television (Castro, 2012; Doyle, 2010; Kjus, 2009; Bardoel, 2007). This article examines audience participation in Spanish regional public service television and, particularly, tries to determine two questions: 1) whether the variety of participation channels provided by crossmedia productions --a TV show's website, discussion forums and Twitter and Facebook accounts-- increases effective audience participation; and 2) whether this participation can be said to contribute to the fulfilment of the mission of public service television, especially proximity television. Method. The study first provides a review of the literature on audience participation and the forms of participation promoted by European, national and regional policies. The TV show La noche de…, broadcast by the Spanish network ETB 2, is subsequently analysed based on the results of the literature review. Results: The increasing attention paid to audience participation in the European and Spanish literature and legislations is not proportionally reflected on the reality of public service television, and particularly of regional public service television corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on the symbolic and material bases of multiculturalist ideology as it manifests itself in particular cultural practices taking place across the European Union (EU). To explore some of these dynamics, I focus my discussion on Babel, a Spanish public broadcasting production partially funded by the EU, which aims to promote intercultural dialogue through exposing viewers to different aspects of immigrants’ lives in Spain. The analysis highlights how, while explicitly endorsing multiculturalism and developing a pro-immigration stance, Babel’s stories also promote a restricted and restricting image of desirable immigrants. Thus, the show’s resignification efforts rely mostly on an implicit but systematic association between cultural similarity and economic productivity in its representations of acceptable immigrants. The article’s conclusion argues for the need to re-theorise the co-constitutive relationship between ‘cultural’ and ‘economic’ aspects of multiculturalist practices at large, as well as the specific shapes that they take in Western European societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into current developments in newsrooms has paid a great deal of attention to convergence projects, focusing on emerging models of newswork and the attitudes of journalists towards change. This study proposes a longitudinal approach to the research of convergence, defined as a process where the outcomes are shaped by aspirations, power relationships and internal communications within a media corporation. The case of a European public broadcaster is evaluated through interviews performed over the span of five years. For the analysis of the discourses of journalists and managers, the article tries to build bridges between two traditions of innovation research: diffusion of innovations theory and actor-network theory. The proposed theoretical framework unveils the intricate and unpredictable nature of innovation processes in journalism. Results suggest that journalists’ evaluation of the relative advantage of convergence depends on their position in the network. In the case analysed, the complexity of groups within the media company, the historical distance between newsrooms, and power relationships complicated the compatibility of convergence with the organizational structure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines how the British Government sought to recruit the BBC in its propaganda activities concerning the Spanish Civil War and in particular to ‘quieten’ domestic public opinion about the conflict. It also considers the extent to which the Corporation acceded to government demands and concludes that, despite areas of cooperation and even complicity, there were also putative signs of editorial innovation and independence in the BBC's news service. In the disquiet this created in official circles, the Spanish Civil War presaged many future conflicts between public broadcasters and governments about the coverage of international crises. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The public media play a vital role in the transmission of free information without political or economic pressures, becoming the basis of a democratic society. However, in our country so lacking in democratic tradition in the audiovisual field, public broadcasting has been and still is, in many cases, used by powerful groups in pursuit of their interests, through politicized management bodies and without enough qualification. The purpose of this communication is to inform the professinal, business and political profile of Directors, Presidents and Boards of public broadcasters, state and regional, in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an openly hostile environment in which public service broadcasting (PSB) has to justify its mere existence, its relationship with new technologies and its transformation into Public Service Media (PSM) have been the subject of controversy in Europe, with respect to the legitimate use of new technologies by a public broadcasting service. Making use of qualitative techniques with a case study, this article illustrates how the Catalan public broadcaster iCat fm uses diverse technological distribution platforms in order to successfully achieve its public service remit proposals and provides an example of a successful public service radio that uses diverse technological distribution platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article we propose a strategy for implementing the Public Value Test in Spain taking into account the experience of other European countries. This is a mechanism put in place in recent years in order to evaluate the new offer of public broadcasting. Any public service should provide a public value that can and should be measured and evaluated. The Public Value Test must be applied before making a decision about any significant change: this can include introducing a new service or discontinuing an existing one. The Public Value Test in the UK comprises two elements - a Public Value Assessment and a Market Impact Assessment. License fee payers and industry are consulted during the process and before any final decision is made. The "Three-Step Test" (Drei-Stufen-Test) in Germany increases the importance of the organs of internal control over public broadcasting, however, there is a need to establish a body that includes external experts, especially for market issues. Another aspect to improve in the "Three-Step Test" should be the introduction of a mechanism that takes into account the views of the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarises and presents the results of a research on the radio programme grid, contents and adaptation to new technologies of a total amount of eleven public radio stations of different Autonomous Regions of Spain. As a result, it is confirmed that all of them cover three areas of special interest: local information, entertainment, and sports. Also, it shows that most of them do not have get adapted to social networks and new Web 2.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarises and presents the results of a research on the radio programme grid, contents and adaptation to new technologies of a total amount of eleven public radio stations of different Autonomous Regions of Spain. As a result, it is confirmed that all of them cover three areas of special interest: local information, entertainment, and sports. Also, it shows that most of them do not have get adapted to social networks and new Web 2.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we present a descriptive study of the soundtrack of children's television programmes on the Andalusian public television network. This study is part of an international research project based on Latin America which seeks to address the need to understand the sonic context in which children live and study the way in which this shapes their sonic imagination. The use of music on television may be a response to commercial needs and, therefore, it is necessary to understand its influence in an educational context. Through the analysis of the permanent sections, advertising and the cartoons included in the TV programme called «The Band» which is broadcast on the Andalusian public television network we can observe the televisual and sonic environment of Andalusian children. We use a descriptive methodology which, through the creation of a listening worksheet, highlights the most significant elements in the sample. After the analysis, we concluded that the predominant musical elements in the programme analyzed were from techno-pop and cinema soundtracks and this produced certain homogeneity in musical terms which in turn led to an impoverishment of listening habits which made it difficult to understand more complex musical elements. Therefore, we stress the need for schools to accept their responsibility in the task of educating children in critical listening skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyses the defining traits of the Spanish public broadcasting system (radio and television stations with local, regional and national coverage) at a time when analogue television had been switched off and the digitalisation process of terrestrial radio was in a state of stagnation. The article also considers the future challenges faced by the sector in a country that, in the western-European context, has an unparalleled number of public operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the way that public television was central to the political discussion in Spain during 1992. While the PSOE benefited from its iron-handed control over RTVE, the Partido Popular took advantage of the awkward situation that this produced, turning it into an effective weapon against the Government. The article is based on unpublished material about the Parliamentary discussions and an exhaustive review of printed sources in order to judge the different aspects of the process. The significance of the debate regarding public television in Spain lies in the way it reveals the breakdown of the consensus about the medium, preventing a model of public-service television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the regional structure of the Spanish Public Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Televisión Española, RTVE for short), a largely unresearched subject. The RTVE structure is comprised of various radio and television centers, but this research will be limited to the local production centers of TVE (Spanish public television). These centers were set up in the final years of the Franco dictatorship, but their objectives were not defined until the Radio and Television Act of 1980 was passed. The entire broadcast network was created during the decade of the 1980s, so that by 1989 all the provincial capitals of the Spanish Autonomous Regions had a regional TVE center with capacity to produce news and local content for the regional news or to meet the needs of national programming. During the 1990s, the increase in the number of regional channels and the hesitant decentralization of the private television channels caused RTVE to raise serious questions about the regional system's necessity and functions. These doubts did not disappear until the Spanish parliament approved the Public Radio and Television Act (17/2006) and later the Framework Agreement (Mandato Marco, December 2007). Although the regional system's existence was guaranteed, a number of major contradictions have arisen which impact on the model of local television represented by territorial centres of the new SME TVE. These contradictions are especially evident in the digitalization process of the centers and in the lack of preparation for the "analogical blackout" in April 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comunicación y Hombre is the property of Universidad Francisco de Vitoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the models of Public Television in Spain (TVE) and Great Britain (BBC), within the different contexts in which both entities are created and developed. We understand that the features adopted by cultural industries do not obey to immovable determinations but are the result of political, economic and cultural circumstances. The discourse of professionals working in these two media -obtained trough indepth interviews- will allow us to infer the concept of public service inspiring their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children television in Spain is closely bound to the widespread commercial TV model. The analysis of children programmes broadcast in a regional channel of Spanish public television allows us to see not only the scarce investment for children programmes, but also the inclusion of some contents and values which could be considered as inappropriate from an educational viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship of mutual need between Spanish television and sports is not a new phenomenon. Most aspects of this union date back to the origins of TV. This article analyzes in depth the characteristics of TVE's sports programming in the period of the monopoly of public television (1956-1988) in order to determine the influence of this programming on the historical development of television. In addition, in-depth analysis provides some answers to current problems in television and proves that the close union between sports and television is not a consequence of the establishment of a commercial television system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the development of two kinds of community radio within 'Third Sector' media in Spain, those media not governed either by public or commercial control: community radio with an associative origin, and 'public community radio'. The former operates in Spain without any legal framework to protect it, a circumstance which has hindered its further development. Rejection by the government and lack of sensitivity on the part of political parties has led a number of collectives to seek support from local city halls to defend their right to broadcast. This has created city hall, or public community radio stations: a community model that is managed publicly. The development of these broadcasting stations has in many cases turned into an important reference for participatory communication, communication as an essential feature of development. Public community radio has succeeded in dynamizing many communities where the absence of communications media constituted an important democratic deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]