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In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, journalism cannot remain oblivious to the innovations brought about by the socio-technological reality. Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the technologies on the rise, although the Spanish media have incorporated it little, experimentally and in specific sections. This research has two objectives: 1) to know the state of development of AI in the Spanish digital media and the industry's perception of the impact of this technology on the profession; 2) to explore a human vs synthetic text generation detection method to assess whether generative AI is being used in media. A comparative study was carried out between two media of reference in Spain, one matrix and conservative ideology (El Mundo), and another digital native and progressive trend (eldiario.es). The methodology was based on methodological triangulation and included a survey and an experiment with ChatGPT to detect whether a sample of texts published in these two media was created by humans or machines. The results diagnose that none of these newspapers apply AI, although they are designing plans to do so, and that there seems to be a lack of AI experts in the newsrooms, although a significantly higher predisposition towards AI in the native media is not confirmed as opposed to the matrix. The analyses carried out confirm that generative AI is not used to create texts. The method applied can be used in other studies because its validity is confirmed to provide clues about the human or artificial origin of journalistic texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News media and journalists must adapt to emerging platforms in order to respond to changing news consumption habits. This article addresses the trend of Social Media Live Streaming on Twitch, a platform that has experienced significant growth since 2020. The research pursues the main objective of finding out how Spanish media and journalists are adapting to this platform and what possibilities it offers to the journalistic profession, in terms of business model as well as in communicative style, formats and relationship with the audience. An exploratory analysis made it possible to identify 55 channels and to establish, in the first phase of the research, two categories of study: channels driven by journalists --with a background in digital or legacy media-- or by news media --digital natives or legacy ones--. In a second phase, seven representative cases were studied through content analysis of their profiles and streams, as well as interviews with the promoters. The results reflect an initial stage in the development of news initiatives on Twitch, characterized by experimentation and diversity of projects. In general, there is no great innovation in content and formats, which are based on conversation. There is a hybridization of information and entertainment in live broadcasts which, although providing rigorous information and featuring experts, maintain a relaxed tone and make use of humor. The relationship with the audience is built through the chat, a central element during broadcasts, and subscriptions from viewers, which are the main source of income for the channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flashbulb memories (FBMs) refer to vivid and long-lasting autobiographical memories for the circumstances in which people learned of a shocking and consequential public event. A cross-national study across eleven countries aimed to investigate FBM formation following the first COVID-19 case news in each country and test the effect of pandemic-related variables on FBM. Participants had detailed memories of the date and others present when they heard the news, and had partially detailed memories of the place, activity, and news source. China had the highest FBM specificity. All countries considered the COVID-19 emergency as highly significant at both the individual and global level. The Classification and Regression Tree Analysis revealed that FBM specificity might be influenced by participants' age, subjective severity (assessment of COVID-19 impact in each country and relative to others), residing in an area with stringent COVID-19 protection measures, and expecting the pandemic effects. Hierarchical regression models demonstrated that age and subjective severity negatively predicted FBM specificity, whereas sex, pandemic impact expectedness, and rehearsal showed positive associations in the total sample. Subjective severity negatively affected FBM specificity in Turkey, whereas pandemic impact expectedness positively influenced FBM specificity in China and negatively in Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media reporting greatly influences the civilians’ mentality, which further exacerbates or mitigates outbreaks of infectious diseases, prolongs or shortens the pandemic process. Adopting corpus linguistic methods and Discursive news values analysis (DNVA) framework, this study examined the news values through key words, naming strategies and photographs in monkeypox-themed news reporting in Spanish and the US media, to analyse how they constructed the monkeypox pandemic in their news reporting, sold it to the public and exacerbated the pandemic in the two societies. The results show that the Spanish media constructed the monkeypox pandemic predominantly as an international medical event, distancing the monkeypox pandemic from the Spanish indigenous context and depriving the domestic audiences from the sense of urgency to take prevention actions. On the other hand, the US media mainly packaged the monkeypox pandemic as a political event which isolated this public health crisis from the life of the common people and hindered the US citizens’ understanding of the requisite medical information about the monkeypox virus. It is concluded that the lack of indigenous focus of the Spanish media, and the excessively politicised focus of the US media are important factors that lead to the exacerbation of the monkeypox epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of the Enlightenment and the cultural shift from the France of the Bourbons resulted in significant changes for Spanish women. The changes in their ways of life turned Enlightenment women into subjects who were conscious of the new ideas and of their own capacities, which they asserted in various spaces. This study centres on Josefa Amar y Borbón, a highly educated woman and a pioneer in joining cultural societies, who created a body of work related to the education and worth of women. Based on the historical-educational method, we analyse its impact and reception in the Spanish press from the end of the 18th century to the first third of the 20th century. We point to Josefa Amar y Borbón's qualities as a translator and to the vindication of her figure as a feminist in Spain, starting in the mid-19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation that the communicative environment has undergone in recent decades poses a challenge for the media in relation to their audiences, as trust is sensitive to social, economic, cultural, and technological changes. The aim of this research is to deepen the understanding of the reasons and factors that influence the loss of trust in the media by audiences who traditionally trusted news more (young people and adults aged 25-54), examining the relevance of disinformation and polarization in discrediting the media. Firstly, the state of the issue is reviewed from the theoretical point of view and the data provided, among others, such as the Digital News Report and several studies about the global loss of trust in other institutions, with special reference to the Edelman Trust Barometer. Secondly, the article adopts a qualitative methodology to investigate the motivations and expectations of citizens regarding the media. Specifically, three discussion groups were held in various Spanish cities. To ensure representativeness, sociodemographic diversity was considered, including gender, age, and educational level criteria, among others. Among the findings, it stands out that one of the main reasons for distrust towards the media is the perception that news is biased for political or economic reasons. The Covid-19 pandemic, which was rife with disinformation, has influenced attitudes towards the media and the way news is consumed. Once the pandemic was overcome, trust in the media decreased and participants sought alternative sources of information. However, some differences in perceptions and consumption habits are noted depending on age and educational level. Finally, the research indicates that distrust extends well beyond the media ecosystem, affecting all institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first review of selective exposure studies in Spain, offering comprehensive insights into the diverse findings and analytical strategies employed over almost three decades by studies that explore the politically oriented media consumption of Spanish audiences. The article divides the evolution of this research line in Spain into two main phases -an initial phase (1995-2016) and a consolidation phase (2017-present)- according to the methodological approaches used during each period. Despite the challenges posed by working with secondary data and the lack of experimental designs, we note a robust initiation of this research line in Spain, accompanied by increasing methodological sophistication and diversification and a substantial accumulation of evidence on how Spanish audiences selectively consume like-minded news media. The paper also identifies the blind spots of selective exposure research in Spain, such as the scarcity of primary data sources, which overlooks phenomena such as online selective exposure and selective avoidance, the need to supplement multivariate analyses with other techniques that allow the direction of causal influence between variables to be established, and the significance of assessing the role of public media as facilitators or inhibitors of cross-cutting exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating a gender perspective in the media entails implementing strategies to work with information in a democratic way. The mobilisation of Las Periodistas Paramos in Spain in 2018 influenced a change towards such a perspective, which is also one of the most relevant innovations identified in Spanish media. The purpose of this work is to draw, for the first time, a map of the initiatives adopted by the Spanish press to incorporate the gender perspective into its newsrooms. To do this, style guides and other initiatives aimed at providing guidance on the introduction of the gender dimension are examined, and semi-structured interviews are used to find out how four women journalists responsible for such an incorporation carry out their work. The results show a substantial, although also uneven, presence of initiatives in the 21 newspapers analysed. Most of the style guides –10 of them have one and nine of them have been accessed– are outdated, obsolete or being updated. Most also contain aspects related to the gender perspective, although they do not include this term explicitly and often do not adapt to today’s reality. In the newspapers that do not have a Style Guide or other types of measures, a sensitivity towards the subject is perceived. On the other hand, four newspapers have a gender editor whose main function is to ensure that the perspective is transversal and reaches all sections, genres and content. These professionals make a positive assessment of their still brief trajectory and agree that journalism has advanced considerably and done important pedagogical work in society in terms of gender, although it seems that this figure will remain necessary for quite some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising connects the institutional and business sector with the public, responding to a persuasive and commercial interest. Advertising connects the institutional and business sector with the public, responding to a persuasive and commercial interest. The promotion of tourist destinations is a key activity for public and private advertisers to effectively communicate with their audiences. These advertisements show citizens' interests and motivations for travelling in the 21st century. This study analysed 95 advertisements published in 2020 in the newspaper El País, the most widely read generalist print media in Spain, on the day of the week coinciding with the publication of the specialised supplement "El viajero" (The Traveller). A quantitative and qualitative content analysis has been carried out in order to respond to the main objective of identifying the main advertisers and the usual sales proposition in this type of advertisement, also explaining the narrative strategies used in tourism campaigns. The main conclusions are the importance of wellbeing in the campaigns carried out and the important presence of public bodies in the promotion of destinations, especially Spanish destinations, highlighting historical, cultural and environmental heritage, which take on the same importance as the offer of beaches or cruises. This is an advertisement aimed especially at young people who travel as a couple, reflecting social concerns and trends in an irregular year for tourism promotion due to the covid-19 pandemic. This time period was an exceptional context, with consequences on citizen attitudes towards travel, which undoubtedly limits the application of these conclusions to that specific time context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to identify whether the interdependencies between climate action and social policies in the urban context are visible and, if so, in what areas and through what framings. Using a content analysis approach, it compares framings of the news on social policies in Barcelona over the course of a year. The results show that climate action is constructed discursively as an isolated issue, with its own logics and complexities, and with few references to other social policy areas. It also reveals that references to climate change in other social policy areas do not operate as framings. The paper claims that discursive strategies that separate climate change policy from other social policy areas can invisibilise the connections that operate between these policies, links that are key for pursuing the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, especially in the urban context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Private hospitals, despite their enormous weight in the economy and society, have traditionally had little presence in the press. In the present study, we will analyse the impact of the creation of Xanit Hospital Internacional within the Malaga private hospital panorama in the local press. Objetive: To analyse whether such a relevant and significant event as the creation of the Xanit hospital has helped them to achieve a greater media presence. Methodology: We will analyse all the news about the 6 main private hospitals in the province of Malaga in the 3 most important newspapers in the province over a period of 5 years. Results: Private healthcare centres have increased their presence in the local press, with Xanit Hospital Internacional being the one with the highest number of press appearances, even though it is not the most important private hospital in the province. Conclusions: The repercussion of the hospitals in the local press is low, and with low impact news. However, the creation of Xanit has led to a slight increase in this trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The press is one of the lifelong learning tools forming part of the context of citizens' learning ecologies in every area of human knowledge. This work examines the characteristics of the general-interest written press as a vehicle for unintentional learning about music by the public at large. The first objective of the study was to identify the formal characteristics of the musical content messages found in the general-interest written press. The second objective was to analyse the type of music-related messages disseminated by the press in relation to its sociocultural links. The methodology used was both quantitative and qualitative, applying both to analyse the content. The data source consisted of 60 weekend pull-outs found in three of the most widely read newspapers in Spain, covering a six-month period of data collection. The results indicate that it is possible to create a taxonomy of informal music learning that the press can promote in the general population. This learning is strongly shaped by variables related to the socio-cultural context surrounding it, giving rise to trends towards the dissemination of content more related to general aspects of popular urban culture than to music itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study analyses the presence of sports journalists in the news stories published by the Spanish digital sports press during the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The aims were to establish whether there are quantitative imbalances in the authorship of the news reports and to identify any gender biases that may contribute to perpetuating inequality in the newsrooms of these media companies. Methodology: A content analysis of the four digital sports newspapers in Spain with the largest readerships (Marca, As, Mundo Deportivo and Sport) was carried out during the days of the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio. A total of 5189 news items were published, and were assessed in this study from a gender perspective. Results: The results reveal an imbalance in the authorship of the news items published during the Rio Olympics in terms of the numbers of stories signed by male and female sports journalists. In addition, a gender bias was also perceived. Women's sports were covered more often by female journalists and the focus tended to be more on national sports or on traditionally female events such as tennis or athletics. Events with a more international coverage, and traditionally male sports, tended to be reported on by male journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing multidisciplinary historiographic interest in the study of the misnamed "Spanish flu", which caused 50 to 100 million deaths in the world and between 260,000 and 270,000 in Spain, has not spread to the History of Education. The main objective of this article is to provide an initial approach to the analysis of certain aspects that the 1918–1919 pandemic had in the educational field in our country, reflected in the headlines of the longest surviving professional pedagogical press in our history: El Magisterio Español. The study covers the evolution experienced by the general historiography on the pandemic, the attention paid by educational historians to the pedagogical press as an object and source of research for knowledge of the past, the beginnings of the genre of the professional pedagogical press and, in particular, the journal El Magisterio Español, leader of this type of press in Spain at the time. Methodologically, the research starts with a systematic review of the issues published by this media in the years 1918 and 1919. The study affords, on the one hand, a quantitative approach to the attention paid by the newspaper to this phenomenon, as well as a qualitative analysis of the content of the information disseminated in its pages. From the qualitative perspective, the study examines in depth first the role played by the newspaper as a general media on the pandemic addressed to teachers; second, the relations and consequences of the pandemic in schools, and, finally, its impact on teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anonymity provided by social networks offers those who promote the rejection of LGBT diversity an ideal space to publish and expand their homophobic discourse. The aim of this research is to analyse the discourse of the Spanish press and its social audience in relation to nonheteronormative people. We have extracted and analysed the comments written by Twitter users on the news referring to the collective published during Pride Week 2021 (held in Spain from 25 June to 4 July) by the five newspapers with the largest number of followers on this social network: El País, El Mundo, ABC, eldiario.es and La Vanguardia. A total of 2,643 comments on 95 news items. Through the critical analysis of the discourse, we have determined the positioning of the media themselves on the collective. On a quantitative level, we have carried out a content analysis of the feedback from the social audience. The results obtained show the verbal aggressions that LGBT people receive from the social audience of social networks, which, added to their invisibility or rejection by some media, prevents and delays their social normalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 copied the information content in the media and highlighted the need for responsible communication from all spheres of society to guarantee citizen security and maintain the trust and credibility of the authorities as sources of information. In a context of information multiplatforms, official communication focused on the rotation of public appearances and an increase in fake news, the need to be informed increases the use and consumption of media by citizens, while at the same time rigorous official communication is demanded by the agents in authority. This study aims to describe the relationship of the Guardia Civil with different audiences, as an active agent and formal prescriber during the pandemic based on three objectives: 1. To know the presence of the Civil Guard in the conventional and digital media during the pandemic; 2. To describe the treatment and approach of news about the Guardia Civil in the press during the pandemic; and 3. From the information about its stakeholders in the social responsibility reports, infer the relational role of the Guardia Civil with its audiences in the press news. To achieve the objectives, a mixed methodology with content analysis is used. First, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the strategic communication (media used and stakeholders) described in the Social Responsibility Reports of 2019 and 2020, and in the Sustainability Plan (2021-2025) of the Civil Guard is carried out. Second, based on the search for the keywords "Guardia Civil" and "COVID" in the two generalist newspapers with the largest coverage in Spain (El País and El Mundo), and throughout the six waves (from March 14, 2020 to December 31, 2021), a content analysis of the 198 resulting news items is performed (FACTIVA database). The analysis variables are: year, newspaper, focus, role of the CG in the communication, media treatment, formal agents and publics in the news and level of responsibility in their communicative behavior. The data indicate a segmentation of audiences in the Social Responsibility and Sustainability Plan reports that show a communication strategy based on a motivational relational behavior of the Civil Guard with its stakeholders, as opposed to a prescriptive presence of other official bodies or protagonist with a predominantly informative approach of the news in the media towards the general population. The only exception refers to the group of young people who appear associated with news about the intervention of the Guardia Civil for non-compliance with restrictions. Although the presence of the Guardia Civil in the media decreases in 2020, its strategy maintains -coinciding with several studies- the use of media that generate more trust in the population (traditional and digital) and, in addition, it registers an increase in followers on Twitter and TikTok. The news with informative approaches refer to restrictions, while the motivational ones focus on communicating measures to safeguard health. It is concluded that although its communicative strategy segments audiences, even in its profiles in social networks such as TikTok, it is still not a visible strategy in news about the Civil Guard in the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convictions of political corruption depend on public communication, since for citizens, to perceive deviant behaviours, these must receive attention. In Spain, this type of behaviour is part of the agendas of citizens, media, and politicians and, to fight against it, accountability is essential. In addition to the judiciary and legislature (in their oversight role), the media and social media help voters, MPs and others to make informed decisions and press for action. However, the interrelationships between different agents, types, and forms of control for accountability are a rather unexplored research topic, especially when considering non-accountable institutions (those that have power, but are not directly accountable to the electorate, such as the monarchy). The debate on the inviolability of the emeritus presents a perfect scenario to describe what formulas and what kind of sanctions (legal, labour, reputational or personal) for accountability have occurred in Spain in the case of a non-accountable institution. This study explores the agendas of media, Parliament, and Twitter (and their inter-influences) during the Geneva papers scandal. We analyzed 189,037 tweets, 1,220 journalistic pieces and 78 parliamentary initiatives related to the former monarch. The main results show that the media, social networks, and Parliament have acted as agents of accountability with Juan Carlos I, as if it were an accountable institution. Online newspapers and Twitter have led the oversight, while the parliamentary initiative has been ineffective and has essentially served as an instrument of partisan communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old mathematics books and textbooks have focused different researchers onto the history of mathematics and mathematics education. However, books are not the only information source for this field; for example, researchers can also study periodical-type publications from the past (such as diaries, weeklies, newspapers, etc.). Considering this, this study developed an instrument to analyze publications about mathematics and mathematics education included in newspapers, weeklies, journals, etc., which were not exclusively devoted to science, from the perspective of the history of mathematics and mathematics education. In order to do so, a descriptive research focused on the analysis of historical texts was carried out using the content analysis technique. The different labels and categories of this instrument are here exemplified by the categorization of some entries included in several periodical publications published in the 18th century in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to dissect the presence of female writers in the main four cultural supplements of Spanish reference press: Babelia (El país), Cultura/s (La vanguardia), El cultural (El mundo) and ABC cultural (ABC). For this, we analyzed the "books of the year" recommended between 2010 and 2021 (n = 1,286), as well as the juries in charge of elaborating these ranks. The results show the subsidiary role reserved for women in this sphere of cultural information: they barely author 25.3% of the selected books, although some degree is progress is observed in the historical series, after going from 4.8% in 2011 to 37.8% in 2020. The increase in the presence of women in the juries has contributed to this phenomenon --the correlation between ratio of women in both lists being statiscally significant (rs = 0.647, p < 0.001)--, together with the commitment of supplement such as Babelia and Cultura/s to literature written by women. On the contrary, there still seem to be pockets of exclusion in El cultural and ABC cultural, which reduce the visibility of work of female writers in Spain. According to our findings, women authors stand out for their youth (they are between 8 and 20 years younger than men, depending on the indicator), cosmopolitism (there are more foreign female writers, especially American, than Spanish) and origin (mainly, Madrid and Barcelona). This article evinces the collective imaginary, settled for centuries, by which literature was considered a men's affair, and reflects on the role of cultural journalism and its prescriptive function when it comes to breaking down gender stereotype --a task that, in view of the data provided in this paper, is still far from been completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is aimed at exploring the role of loneliness in the healthcare professionals' mental health during the COVID‐19 outbreak in Spain. A total of 1,421 healthcare professionals who were in contact with at least one positive COVID‐19 patient participated in a cross‐sectional online survey from April to June 2020. Mental health was measured with the General Health Questionnaire‐12, and loneliness was assessed with the 3‐item UCLA Loneliness Scale. More than 80% of participants showed a certain prone to experience mental health problems, and 90% felt that they had not enough workplace protective measures to manage COVID‐19 patients. Presence of loneliness was positively related to higher mental health problems after controlling for other covariates. Other factors related to higher mental health problems were a higher COVID‐19 risk perception, being in quarantine, checking COVID‐19‐related news several times a day and having a lower training on managing infectious diseases. Neither living alone, nor supervisor social support, were related to healthcare professionals' mental health. Results suggest that the impact of COVID‐19 in terms of mental health in the healthcare professionals could be more related to subjective appraisals of social isolation rather than to be physically alone. There were also a variety of cognitive, behavioural and training‐related factors that were associated with the healthcare professionals' mental health, and that should be potentially managed in the mental healthcare interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the treatment of cannabis from the perspective of the Spanish newspapers in order to show the image they offer. Using a content analysis methodology, the genres, the sources used, the dominant thematic areas are identified and the treatment given by the Spanish digital newspapers El País, El Mundo, ABC and La Razón, from January 1 to December 31, 2019, is compared. The findings show a predominance of informative texts, signed by the editors or the newspaper itself and a use of official sources. Regarding their subject matter, the newspapers continue to relate cannabis to actions typified as crimes (arrests, dismantling and seizures). Likewise, they incorporate new contents related to this substance, such as the business of production, distribution, biotechnology, cosmetics and leisure companies, which appear as an emerging sector. It also highlights the absence of information on programs, services and campaigns carried out by Institutions and other organizations to face problems of dependency or addiction, among others. These results suggest that legislative changes show the need to carry out a process of normalization of the status of cannabis, which tends to relate it to health, personal care, leisure and even luxury. Thus, Spanish newspapers are beginning to move away from the perception of cannabis as an illegal drug that has been maintained for decades, to show a somewhat more permissive image of cannabis, ignoring other aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain and "came to the aid" of the Cubans in the liberation struggle they had begun in 1895 against Spain. These events aroused a wide media coverage. Although the differences are evident between the Spanish and American press, both countries pursue the same goal: to offer their vision of the conflict and ratify the hegemonic role they should play in it. Here we are interested in the image of Cuba in the journalistic satires and, in particular, the allegory of Cuba in the Spanish and American press. The intention is to discover the commonality of the forms, but also the symbolic discrepancies, so that the schemes of representation that transcend the immediacy of the political fact also emerge. The objective is, therefore, to deconstruct the visual process of symbolic construction of Cuba, and of the war that took place there, in the press in 1898. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the main discourses that appear in a sample of Spanish newspapers before and after the arrival of the Aquarius at the port of Valencia in June 2018, in order to observe if there is a solidarity discourse or one that rejects the arrival of the rescued immigrants in Spain. The corpus consists of all the news published from June 10 to July 10, 2018 in the electronic version of the Spanish newspapers ABC, El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia. The methodology is mainly qualitative-descriptive. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen to observe the main linguistic characteristics of the collected news items and the topics that appear in the articles. The analysis shows that the testimonies of politicians and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) predominate, but there are few testimonies of immigrants. The solidarity and acceptance of Spain are strengthened, as well as the defense of human rights. This contrasts with the discourses that the press presents after the arrival of the ship in Valencia. A discourse related to the health of immigrants and their need for help and resources predominates, a fact that contributes to the alarm of the majority group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aetiological ignorance of the 1918 flu, added to the high mortality that it caused, led to the appearance of a multitude of drugs and health products to tackle it. Objective: To analyze the advertisements that were published in the Spanish press during the influenza epidemic of 1918. Methodology: A selection of advertisements containing the concept 'influenza' was made in the newspapers of the digital newspaper library of the National Library of Spain, between January 1, 1918 and December 31, 1920. Results: There was an increase in the frequency of publication of advertisements, which were characterized by the description of the product to be offered and its validity against the epidemic of flu. Conclusions: It is observed the great advertising coverage that newspapers gave to the influenza epidemic of 1918 and the large number of advertisements that emerged to cure the disease, which produced a huge impact on spanish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepción Gimeno de Flaquer moved to Mexico from Spain in 1883, where she founded El Álbum de la Mujer (1883-1890), one of the most important feminist journals of the epoch. This article studies the troubled waters that Gimeno had to navigate shortly after her arrival in the country, and the impact that her unconditional support of the Porfiriato had on her standing, with both the press and portions of society of the period. This text identifies several previously unknown texts and pseudonyms of the author, proposes that interdependence with the Porfiriato extended to her subsequent editorial project -El Álbum Ibero-Americano (Madrid, 1890-1909) until its conclusion-, and that this relationship may explain why the journal stopped abruptly its publication in 1909, after two decades of existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore the argentine magazine Caras y Caretas between ist launch in 1898 and 1910. Considering the role that spaniards and the spanish feeling play in the weekly, we seek to make the circulation of the argentine magazine in Spain, the people between two continents as well as the role played by Caras y Caretas in the diffusion of a spanish ideology about the Argentina of the Centennial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title of this paper refers to both the personality and work of the Spaniards who, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, had to abandon their homeland fleeing from the absolutism of King Ferdinand VII (1784–1833), and the inhabitants of the Spanish colonies in the New World, the forerunners of the struggles for independence in their respective countries. Both ended up settling in London, a city that served not only as a refuge but also as a place from which to disseminate their slogans in favour of freedom. Three areas are discussed: the publications of liberal Spanish exiles in London in the early nineteenth century, the interaction between Spanish and (Latin) American exiles and the role of women in this endeavour and in the cause of liberalism in general. The London press shaped this exile journalism and the subsequent liberal journalism in Spain when the extreme censorship from which these exiled journalists had fled was finally lifted. We believe that this global approach offers an original perspective from which to highlight the role of women, with a view to filling the traditional historiographical lacuna in this regard. To this end, we have employed recent relevant literature and primary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media have played a leading role on Covid-19 news coverage in Spain. After the first cases were detected, they were forced to urgently develop graphic representations of the SARS-CoV-2 virion in order to talk about an invisible and unknown enemy. This study starts from the analysis of these early media representations to determine how they have contributed to the visual imagery of the virus in the Spanish population during the first wave. For this, a valid sample of 369 SARS-CoV-2 virion drawings made by adults during June and July 2020 was analysed and compared with the graphic representations offered by television news and print media between January and April 2020 in Spain and also with the main SARS-CoV-2 images released by the scientific community. The study concludes that the predominant imagery is closer to the representative patterns offered by television news, despite being a less scientific representation of the virus than the offered by the newspapers. Likewise, the representational patterns present two specificities to be highlighted: peplomers with a sharp ending giving aggressiveness to the virion and expressive facial features which are characteristic of humanisation or animalisation in the representation of the virion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyzes the press of the Spanish city of Gijón during the Spanish Civil War period, between July 1936 and April 1939. The outbreak of the conflict triggered the immediate confiscation of the three major broadsheets of the town and started a process of emergence of new newspapers, first republicans –and after the fall of the city to the rebels in October 1937– then Francoists. All these publications shared a new principal function, sustaining morale on the front and the rear. This decisively determined its contents and configured a press constituted by the war and for the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context of a rise in physical inactivity, this paper aims to provide new insights about the relationship between different forms of sport engagements and their correlates, analysing, for the first time, both active and passive sport involvement for a large sample of individuals. Applying the cluster technique, we identify four different segments of sports involvement among the Spanish population: non-sporty, exclusively practitioner, balanced practitioner, and basically spectator. Also, we develop a multinomial logit model to analyse the main sociodemographic, physical, and sports features that could increase the individual sport involvement, from the non-sporty segment, which assembles the highest number of individuals, to the other clusters. Most of the variables under analysis show a different impact on sport involvement: some of them stimulate active participation (e.g. being member of private sport clubs), whereas others mainly encourage sport attendance (e.g. readers and listeners of sport news, children in the household), and other variables boost sport engagement in general (e.g. being male, educational level, health status, e-sports). The results may have significant implications in terms of developing a general perspective about sport engagement, including both active and passive participation. Particularly, our findings suggest that active and passive sport engagement do not seem to be negatively associated and they can coexist at different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses the opinion articles about the COVID-19 published in the main newspapers of Italy, Spain and Germany. To this purpose, a qualitative inductive-deductive content analysis methodology has been used along two complementary phases. The first included the detailed analysis of the sample, and the second involved a method of comparative textual analysis using the Sketch Engine software. The results show the existence of some common issues about the virus, although with different approaches depending on the country: a certain vision marked by national politics in the Spanish case, an interpretative view in the case of Germany and a more social-humanistic perspective in the Italian dailies. A discourse contrary to generating panic is common in the three countries studied, but with a clear underestimation of the virus' potential consequences in the first couple of months after the outbreak in Wuhan as regards the Spanish and Italian press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the informative coverage of 9 Latin American newspapers on the general election held in Spain on November 10, 2019. This is considered an important event that helped close a turbulent period of the national political life. A content analysis sheet was applied to all texts regarding the campaign appeared between November 1 and 11 (n = 35), considering, among other variables, location, extension, authorship, sources, genres, nature of the content and frame. The results allow concluding that the selected newspapers dedicated a wide space to the November 10 election. Furthermore, media outlet granted part of their coverage an interpretive dimension and offered a vision on the campaign dominated by the strategic and game frames, since they placed the focus on the polls and the possibility of post-electoral agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to its great socioeconomic repercussions, back pain represents a major public health problem. The Internet is one of the primary sources of information for people with back pain. Objectives: To describe and analyze the recommendations in the Spanish general press about the prevention and treatment of back pain, as well as to evaluate its sources and the explanations on the concept "pain". Methodology: Content analysis of articles published in the digital version of El País, El Mundo, ABC and La Vanguardia. Results: 56 articles were found. The most frequent recommendations are: physical exercise (84%), ergonomic strategies (64%), lifestyle change (34%), visiting specialists (21%), acute analgesia treatments (16%) and pain education (8%). The most prevalent sources are specialists. Explanations of pain are very rare. Conclusions: Some of the recommendations offered in newspaper articles do not have sufficient scientific evidence and derive from unreliable and outdated sources. It is necessary that those responsible for this type of articles use quality sources, are more critical of the selected data and ensure that the information offered is supported by the actual scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present research is to analyze which is the current state of disabled people representation in the Spanish digital press. It has been used a methodological triangulation that has combined documental analysis, the interview with expert sources and content analysis of two hundred news about disability in 2019. This information has been analyzed on the basis of an indicator chart that has taken into account parameters such as the medium in which the information is broadcast, the journalistic genre, the section in which it is found, the source of information, the type of disability treated in the news and which are the most represented disabilities, the number and biological sex of the protagonists and the approach. The results have shown that 70 % of the analysed media abided by the guidelines described in the publication Guía de estilo sobre discapacidad para profesionales de la comunicación by Spanish Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stories of 19th century French travellers to Spain and their exotic vision of the country are well known. Many left their impressions of the country, from populars authors such as Georges Sand and his work Un hiver à Majorque (1855), translated in 1902, to the Geneva-based Valérie de Gasparin. In 1869, one of his works À travers les Espagnes, was published in Paris, the Spanish version of which was entitled Paseo por España (Valencia, 1875). The translation of this work is the starting point of our article as it links directly to the press as a vehicle for "tourist" information on the different cities of Spain. In this work we will expose the relevance of travel books, the press and even architecture books such as Espagne, Portugal. Notes historiques et artistiques sur les villes principales de la Péninsule ibérique, by French architect Gustave Clausse (Paris, 1889), in the gradual evolution of travel to tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new trend of politically polarized media in Spain has led the authors of this paper to rethink the relationship between media and citizens within selective exposure, perception and retention theory and its influence on electoral behavior. The selection of political information contents by citizens during electoral campaigns forms a diet that influences their votes. Therefore, this research article attempts to clarify the relationship between the consumption of political information from mass media and the voters' electoral behavior amid the new media reality of the country. For this, and per the post-electoral surveys of the Center for Sociological Research (CIS, for its acronym in Spanish), it studies the effects of citizens' media exposure during the 2015 and 2016 general elections on voting. In these years, there was a crisis in the party system in Spain after several decades of bipartisanship and institutional stability. The results allow concluding that the political discussion in the country builds on two lines of confrontation: ideological (left-right) and territorial, which politically polarizes those citizens from territories with their own identity (mainly Catalonia). Media positively influence the political narrative since voters consume political information from related media as a symbol of electoral reaffirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of think tanks in Spain has been growing in the last few years with an equally increasing number of social and grassroots movements. This article offers content analysis results from a selection of eight Spanish think tanks in the digital press during a seven-year period, adding new conclusions to previous literature for the same period. Not only does this research explore the appearance on the media, but also the type of mentions and authorship of the articles and blogs included in the digital press, contributing to a deeper study of think tanks. The objective of this study is to analyse the limited presence of Spanish think tanks in media outlets and whether their appearance is ideologically motivated. The article built a constructed week sampling and followed a content analysis methodology to gather quantitative and qualitative elements from the selected sampling (n=1,101). The paper concludes that the presence of think tanks in the Spanish digital press is limited, causing not only a lack of knowledge of their existence but also raising questions about how they try to impact on the policymaking process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the main discourses that appear in a sample of the Spanish press before and after the arrival of the ship Aquarius to the port of Valencia in June 2018 in order to observe if there is a solidarity discourse or one that rejects the arrival of the rescued immigrants to Spain. The corpus consists of all the news published from June 10 to July 10, 2018 in the electronic version of the Spanish newspapers ABC, El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia. The methodology is mainly qualitative-descriptive. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen in order to observe the main linguistic characteristics of the collected news items and the topics that appear in the pieces of news. The analysis shows that the testimonies of politicians and members of NGOs predominate and there are few testimonies of immigrants. Solidarity and acceptance of Spain are strengthened, as well as the defense of human rights. This contrasts with the discourses that the press presents after the arrival of the ship to Valencia, since a discourse related to the health of immigrants and their need for help and resources predominates, a fact that contributes to the alarm of the majority group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The article analysis how two Spanish (ABC y Pueblo) and two Portuguese (Diário Popular y Diário de Notícias) important daily newspapers covered the State visit of Marcelo Caetano to Spain in 1970. The press coverage of the meeting between the two heads of the Iberian governments, Franco and Caetano, reflects the political changes defining the final phases of Francoism in Spain, and of the New State in Portugal. Methodology: The framing and interpretation of the State visit event combine content analysis and critical and contextual press reading. Results: The specificity of each daily newspaper was due to several factors, including the propriety regime, the editorial positioning and the legal framework: self-censorship in the case of Spain, and previous censorship in the case of Portugal. Conclusions: The research shows that the visit had a greater impact on the Portuguese press. The Spanish newspapers ABC and Pueblo remained confined to the official reports. In the Portuguese case, we can see signs of journalistic autonomy arising in Diário Popular, contrasting with the more conventional and laudatory coverage made by Diário de Notícias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the media coverage of immigration in Melilla, the land frontier between Spain and Morocco and one of the access points where immigrants enter the European Union, and the role that journalists and other agents play in spreading news on immigration. By means of a field study we analyse the type of news professionals and media that are present near the border, the logics followed by institutional press offices when providing information, and the particular conditions in which journalism is practiced in a space of juridical exceptionality. Amongst the results obtained we underscore: the predominance of a media market that, while apparently diverse, is highly dependent on institutional advertising; the relevance of figures like activists or freelance journalists in providing differentiated news on immigration; and the difficulties in working that journalists face due to arbitrariness and obscurantism when accessing images and data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media effects of jihadist terrorism have produced a great deal of contributions both to studies on political communication and those on security and defense. Networks of jihadist propaganda and their evolution have been a constant concern for military members, politicians and academics. The objective of this article is twofold: on the one hand, to show how jihadist statements making reference to Spain have been in recent years. On the other hand, to analyze the impact of such statements in Spanish media, and more specifically in Spanish press. Based on a classic and quantitative methodology, namely content analysis, this research provides original data on the media significance of groups such as Al-Qaeda or Daesh in Spain. Press analysis is based on framing theories, mainly with the purpose of identifying the main media themes when dealing with jihadist terrorism. To sum it up, this work offers an empirical view on the relationship between jihadist communiqués and media coverage, a topic rarely explored in the Spanish academic field to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on the use of hemerography as a source for the study of the history of education in Spain during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, also covering the Restoration period, both from a global point of view and in relation to certain specific didactics (humanistic, scientific, social, and artistic). In the first place, the interest of this period is exposed in the historical evolution of Spanish education and its relationship with periodicals to subsequently analyse their informative possibilities, distinguishing generalist from specialized periodicals. In addition, this article emphasizes the need to address the use of hemerography as a source for research from interdisciplinarity, in its epistemological and methodological aspects as well as those related to the training of historians and / or pedagogues. Likewise, after exposing the current situation of the digital repositories of the historical press and the gradual increase of their collections, as well as the ease in accessing the periodical publications promoted by the new technologies, a series of procedural guidelines in relation to the aforementioned period are considered. These form a methodological proposal oriented to the adequate use of historical hemerography as a source that allows us to profit from its informative possibilities, thus contributing new data that propitiate a better approach to the history of Spanish education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Before this health crisis, health and medicine journalism was already a subject of study in journalism schools. At the University of Extremadura, while COVID-19 began to take over the media sphere, in January and February, a teaching innovation practice was carried out. Objective: To measure the degree of excellence of the information from the Spanish digital press while motivating class work. Methodology: Through a "case study", students were structured through working groups to analyze the news about the pandemic in the main print media in their digital editions of El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, El Abc and La Razón. Results: 43 analysis units have been analyzed in 226 news items that constitute the first information on COVID-19 in the Spanish press, which the students have perceived as informative (67,6%), far from sensationalism but lacking originality. Conclusions: It is clear that for journalism students the press has given priority to the news without a great deal of interpretation, and on the other hand, that these types of proactive initiatives in the classroom encourage practice, awaken motivation and facilitate learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study of the relationship between the current health crisis and media contributes to the understanding of how society captures and guides the situation, given the influence of topics reported by media. Objectives: This research aims to study the evolution of the presence of news about COVID-19 on the front pages of main Spanish newspapers. Methodology: The method is based on the review of the three most relevant Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia) from January 21 to March 14, 2020, drawing from a content analysis of the front pages (N = 301). Results: Results show, on one hand, the increasing weight of COVID-19 on the front pages, and, on the other, although there are differences between newspapers, these do not reveal a 'global' presence of the virus on covers until a few days before the declaration of the state of alarm. Conclusion: The study contributes to the understanding of the evolution of COVID-19 from the analysis of newspaper front pages in Spain and results may involve comparative analyzes in relation to other crises, time periods and geographic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traditional media in Spain are playing a prominent role in the coverage of the COVID-19 disease. Objective: To study the visual representations of the SARS-Covid-2 virion in television news programs and printed press, the designer's motivations and their relationship with scientific images of the virion. Methodology: A mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology has been followed, with interviews with experts and a statistical analysis with a Chi-Square test applied to 1,732 pieces of news, extracted from the printed version of 19 Spanish daily newspapers, and 121 images of the virion in 5 television news programs. Results: Scientific illustrations were used in 36.02% of newspaper's pieces of news, and only in 11.57% of TV news programs images. Conclusions: Newspapers are more faithful to scientific images than TV news. The most used image assets use the most representative virus forms: elongated spicules ending in tentacles, intended for the sensitization of the dangerousness of the virus than to a merely informative objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The news coverage of health emergencies faces the temptation to give in to alarmism and morbid curiosity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the degree of compliance with the ethical principles of journalism in the COVID-19 information on the front pages of the Spanish newspapers. Methodology: Content analysis of the photos on the front pages (n=344), published between January 1 and April 15, 2020 (n=608) in general information newspapers (n=6), regional and national, that amount the 43.9% of the Spanish daily readers. Results: 3.5% of images questioned or violate precepts contained in ethical codes, especially in relation to the right to privacy and the right to one's own image. Violations around pain and suffering, alarmism, the presumption of innocence, security or political pressure are not representative. Conclusion: The photographic display was restrained, respectful and opted for extensive metaphorical snapshots. Protection mechanisms against the pandemic --personal protection equipment (PPE), masks or glasses-- frequently made it difficult to recognize the protagonists. In addition, pixelated of the face was used extensively to prevent personal identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Spain, the recreational use of cannabis is illegal. This illegality is once again part of a social debate in which certain political groups support a justified legalization based on economic benefits against some medical opinions that do not recommend the consumption decriminalization. Objective: This review aims to identify the approach given to consumption in Spain, both in the scientific field and in a more general one as the written press. The coherence or disagreement between the detected approaches can contribute to determinate if legalization will be a reality soon. Method: An analysis of scientific and non-scientific publications is carried out using three forms of research: a specialized search tool (Google Scholar), two national newspapers in their digital version (ABC and El País) and an online scientific citation indexing service (Web of Science). Results: The journalistic and the scientific field coincide in a negative approach regarding the cannabis consumption; in addition, its content turns out to be very focused on society. Conclusions: The high consumption of cannabis among the Spanish population despite the negative approach indicates a failure in the communication related with this problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The media play a fundamental role when it comes to promoting blood donation and building the symbolic values and contents associated with it. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the ways in which press treats blood donation and other issues related to transfusion medicine, based on an analysis of news published in the main newspapers of Spain during the year 2016. Methods: From a search conducted in the newspapers El Pais, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Confidencial and eldiario.es, 332 news items were selected. A simple frequency statistical analysis was performed, as well as a content analysis. Results: News items were classified by topic, finding that 45.5% of the news referred campaigns and calls for donation; 26.8% addressed organizational issues related to transfusion services and resources;19.6% dealt with medical research and therapeutic innovations; and 11.4% addressed didactic or educational issues. In addition, 24.4% of the news explicitly mentioned values such as altruism, generosity or solidarity, while 29.8% referred to specific territories or made comparisons between autonomous communities. Conclusions: We identified five functions that newspapers fulfill regarding the promotion and symbolic construction of blood donation: appealing, didactic, futuristic, ideological and construction of collective identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of news has become a social experience. In this scenario, we set out to answer the following question: What are Spanish journalists talking about on Twitter? This work studies what type of content they emit on Twitter to establish if the link between these professionals and the mass media or with the cybermedia influences the thematic orientation of their tweet. The study has worked with three samples (a sample of covers of five newspapers of reference of Spain, a sample of ten accounts of Twitter corresponding to journalists from mass communication media and a sample of ten accounts of cyberjournalists). The two-year research has analyzed 3.500 tweets based on a classification system of registration units made up of 35 thematic categories. The study concludes, among other aspects, that politics (national and international) is the great theme of Twitter along with a growing concern for jihadist terrorism and issues of the Ibero- American context over Europe. The work also warns of the existence of thematic gaps in certain areas (such as society, culture, art or science). In addition, an increasing tendency of the use of the platform for the purpose of self-promotion by journalists is detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]