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A reliable food and beverage frequency questionnaire (F&B-FQ) to measure dietary intakes for children across Spain is currently unavailable. Thus, we designed and assessed the reproducibility and relative validity of a new F&B-FQ in 210 Spanish children aged 3–11 years. COME-Kids F&B-FQ contained 125 items to assess the usual diet intake in the past year among children. To explore the reproducibility, caregivers answered COME-Kids F&B-FQ twice over a 15-day period (± 1 week). To evaluate the relative validity, estimates from a third COME-Kids F&B-FQ administered at 1 year of follow-up were compared with the mean estimates from 3-day dietary records (3d-DR) collected at baseline, 6 months, and after 1 year of follow-up. Reproducibility and relative validity of the COME-Kids F&B-FQ in estimating food groups and nutrients were assessed using Pearson (r) and intra-class (ICC) correlation coefficients. We used the kappa index to evaluate the agreement in repeat administrations or with the 3d-DR. We used Bland–Altman plots to identify bias across levels of intake. A total of 195 children (105 boys, 90 girls) completed the study. The reproducibility of data estimated from COME-Kids F&B-FQ was substantial with mean r and ICC being 0.65 and 0.64 for food groups and 0.63 and 0.62 for nutrients, respectively. Validation assessments comparing the FFQ and 3d-DRs showed r = 0.36 and ICC = 0.30 for food groups and r = 0.29 and ICC = 0.24 for nutrients. The mean agreement for food group reproducibility and relative validity was 86% and 65%, respectively. These estimates were 85% for reproducibility and 64% for relative validity in the case of nutrients. For reproducibility and relative validity, the overall mean kappa index was 63% and 37% for all food groups and 52% and 27% for nutrients, respectively. Bland–Altman plots showed no specific bias relating to the level of intake of nutrients and several food groups. Conclusion: COME-Kids F&B-FQ showed substantial reproducibility and acceptable relative validity to assess food and beverage intake in Spanish children aged 3 to 11 years. Most children were correctly classified in relation to the intake of food groups and nutrients, and misclassification was unlikely with reference to 3d-DR. What is Known: • The estimation of dietary intake in children is complex, especially in large cohorts. • The food frequency questionnaire is a well-recognized and the most frequently used method for assessing food consumption. What is New: • A new food and beverage frequency questionnaire including a beverage section and novel plant-based food items has been validated in Spanish children aged 3–11 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to detect the functional and emotional impact of COVID‐19 lockdown on institutionalized older adults with sarcopenia during a 15‐month follow‐up. A prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted in a nursing home. Participants were screened for sarcopenia, and those with a score of ≥4 points according to SARC‐F questionnaire were included. Assessments were performed pre‐lockdown (T1), 12 months (T2) after, and at a 15‐month follow‐up (T3). Functional measurements included chair stand test, handgrip, biceps brachii and quadriceps femoris strengths, appendicular skeletal mass, gait speed, Short Physical Performance Battery, and Timed Up‐and‐Go test. Emotional assessments included Short‐Form Health Survey, Geriatric Depression Scale—Short Form, and the Mini‐Mental State Examination. The analyzed sample showed a reduction in bicep strength, and other upper and lower limb strength variables showed a decreasing trend with no changes regarding muscle mass. Physical performance showed a change, specifically a deterioration in the subtest related to balance. Cognitive and emotional components were affected and quality of life was decreased. It is of paramount importance to focus on sarcopenic older adults since their characteristics can deteriorate when isolation measures are conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban areas provide a constant and predictable supply of anthropogenic processed food. The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758), a declining urban bioindicator species, has recently been reported to have a high level of oxidative stress, with urban diet or pollutants proposed as the potential cause. In this study, we aimed to experimentally determine the effects of two urban trophic resource types (bar snack food leftovers and pet food) on sparrows' physical condition, plasma biochemical nutritional parameters, and blood oxidative status in captivity. To exclude the potential previous effect of urban pollutants, 75 House Sparrows were captured from a rural area in SE Spain and kept in outdoor aviaries. Individuals were exposed to one of three diet treatments: control diet (fruit, vegetables, poultry grain mixture), bar snack diet (ultra‐processed snacks), or cat food diet (dry pellets) for 20 days. Blood samples were collected before and after diet treatments to analyze the relative change rates of 12 variables, including physical condition, nutritional status, and oxidant–antioxidant status. A principal component analysis was run to identify gradients of variables covariation, and Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to determine the effect of diets on each selected PC and on raw variables. The bar snack diet led to signs of anemia and malnutrition, and females tended to lose body condition. The cat food diet increased oxidative stress indicators and protein catabolism. Unbalanced urban diets can affect the body condition and nutritional physiology of House Sparrows and may also induce oxidative stress despite the absence of environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat) reflects recent iodine intake but has limitations for assessing habitual intake. Thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration, which increases with thyroid size, appears to be an indicator of longer-term iodine status in children and adults, however, less is known in pregnancy. This study investigated the determinants of serum-Tg in pregnancy and its use as an iodine-status biomarker in settings of iodine-sufficiency and mild-to-moderate deficiency. Methods: Stored blood samples and existing data from pregnant women from the Netherlands-based Generation R (iodine-sufficient) and the Spain-based INMA (mildly-to-moderately iodine-deficient) cohorts were used. Serum-Tg and iodine status (as spot-urine UI/Creat) were measured at median 13 gestational weeks. Using regression models, maternal socio-demographics, diet and iodine-supplement use were investigated as determinants of serum-Tg, as well as the association between UI/Creat and serum-Tg. Results: Median serum-Tg was 11.1 ng/ml in Generation R (n = 3548) and 11.5 ng/ml in INMA (n = 1168). When using 150 µg/g threshold for iodine deficiency, serum-Tg was higher in women with UI/Creat < 150 vs ≥ 150 µg/g (Generation R, 12.0 vs 10.4 ng/ml, P = 0.010; INMA, 12.8 vs 10.4 ng/ml, P < 0.001); after confounder adjustment, serum-Tg was still higher when UI/Creat < 150 µg/g (regression coefficients: Generation R, B = 0.111, P = 0.050; INMA, B = 0.157, P = 0.010). Iodine-supplement use and milk intake were negatively associated with serum-Tg, whereas smoking was positively associated. Conclusion: The association between iodine status and serum-Tg was stronger in the iodine-deficient cohort, than in the iodine-sufficient cohort. Serum-Tg might be a complementary (to UI/Creat) biomarker of iodine status in pregnancy but further evidence is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is caused by difficulty in bolus preparation and transport from the mouth to the oesophagus; this may result in malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia. It has a high prevalence in head and neck cancer patients. The objective of this study is to reduce these complications using a new protocol of diagnosis and evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Method: This is a prospective study developed in a secondary hospital. All patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer in 2021 and 2022 are subjected to this protocol: an oropharyngeal dysphagia screening test, a swallowing-related quality of life questionnaire and a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallow. Results: A total of 72 evaluations are reported using this protocol, before and after cancer treatment, and only 1 presents with aspiration pneumonia. Conclusion: Using this protocol, the incidence of aspiration pneumonia can be reduced, and diet recommendations can be given earlier in order to maintain a patient's nutritional requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: During the COVID-19 lockdown, high rates of physical inactivity and dietary imbalances were reported in both adults and adolescents. Physical separation and isolation not only have a significant impact on the performance of physical activity but also affect people's lives, particularly their dietary habits. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether or not bioelectrical impedance-derived body composition parameters and dietary habits were affected during the pandemic-associated lockdown in postmenopausal Spanish women. (2) Methods: Sixty-six women participated in the study (58.7 ± 5.4 years) before (between July–October 2019) and after (August–October 2020) the lockdown, which occurred as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Body composition parameters were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis while dietary intake of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, and energy was measured by a food frequency questionnaire. (3) Results Regarding body composition, no differences were observed in fat mass in % (mean increase 0.05 (2.74); p = 0.567), fat mass in kg (mean increase −0.07 (4.137); p = 0.356) or lean mass in kg (mean increase 0.20 (1.424); p = 0.636). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two study periods for any of the nutrients studied, nor for energy intake (p > 0.05 in all cases). (4) Conclusions: After comprehensively assessing body composition and dietary intake of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and energy before and after COVID-19 lockdown in healthy adult women in Spain no changes in the parameters studied were observed during the period analyzed in the women examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NutriCOVer is a global research program sponsored by Nutricia to support initiatives in clinical investigation in 16 countries worldwide. The program's objective is to adapt nutritional care to the needs of patients with COVID-19 who have been discharged from the intensive care unit. In Spain -- a reference country for the NutriCOVer program -- three research projects are being carried out. These studies analyze the clinical course of COVID-19 patients from a nutritional point of view, evaluating relevant aspects such as the prevalence and evolution of malnutrition and sarcopenia (the NUTRICOVID study), the prevalence and impact of dysphagia (the COVID-19-DN-OD study), or changes in corporal composition measured through nutritional ultrasound and bioimpedance analysis (the NUTRIECOMUSCLE study). In this article, the principal investigators of the three projects discuss the steps taken to develop these studies in the context of a worldwide pandemic: from initial concept, study design, and patient recruitment to problems in the execution of the project in day-to-day practice and publication policies. Also, they offer some insights on the initial results and the implications which these studies may have for current clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Background & aims: the last large multicenter study on disease-related malnutrition (DRM) in Spain (the PREDyCES study) showed a 23.7 % prevalence of malnutrition, according to the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002) tool. The main objective of the SeDREno study was to assess the prevalence of hospital malnutrition upon admission, according to GLIM criteria, ten years later. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study in standard clinical practice, conducted in 17 hospitals during a period of five to seven days. Patients were initially screened using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and then assessed using the GLIM criteria for diagnosis and severity grading. Results: a total of 2,185 patients, 54.8 % males, mean age 67.1 (17.0) years (50.2 % aged ≥ 70 years), were evaluated. Malnutrition was observed in 29.7 % of patients according to GLIM criteria (12.5 % severe, 17.2 % moderate). In patients ≥ 70 years malnutrition was observed in 34.8 %. The clinical conditions significantly associated with a higher prevalence of malnutrition were dysphagia (47.6 %), cognitive impairment (43.4 %), cancer (39.1 %), gastrointestinal disease (37.7 %), diabetes (34.8 %), and cardiovascular disease (33.4 %). The multivariate analysis revealed that gender, BMI, diabetes, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, and polypharmacy were the main independent factors associated with DRM. Malnutrition was associated with an increase in length of hospital stay and death (p < 0.001). Conclusions: DRM in admitted patients has increased in Spain in the last 10 years paralleling ageing of the population. In the SeDREno study almost one in three patients are malnourished. A systematic assessment of nutritional status allows early detection and implementation of nutritional interventions to achieve a better clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: hospital malnutrition is a highly prevalent problem and continues to be a pending issue today, often unnoticed by health care workers, with the negative clinical impact this entails. Objectives: a) to evaluate nutritional status upon admission; b) to assess the outcome after a week of hospitalization; c) to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and different clinical variables (specialty, age, body weight loss, length of stay, readmissions, and consultations to the endocrinology-nutrition department). Methods: an observational, prospective, analytical, randomized study in 260 patients from medical and surgical services, nutritionally evaluated on admission and after seven days of hospitalization using the SGA and NRS-2002. Results: prevalence at admission according to the SGA was 48 % and according to NRS-2002, 38.5 %. After a week of hospitalization it increased to 72.5 % and 58.8 %, respectively. After seven days, 2-7.8 % of subjects improved their nutritional status, while 16-27.5 % worsened. Malnutrition on admission was associated with longer stay (6 days for non-malnourished vs 8 days for malnourished); with older age (64 years for non-malnourished vs 71 years for malnourished); with medical vs surgical specialties (44-53 % vs 20-32 %); with weight loss (on admission they had lost 2.1 kg on average as compared to usual weight, and 0.9 kg after seven days of hospitalization); and with premature readmission (8-11 % for non-malnourished vs 27 % for malnourished), among others. Conclusions: the study's results offer an overview of hospital malnutrition, showing how patients evolve nutritionally during hospitalization, and which are the crucial moments for action. It is extremely important that health care workers will become aware and take action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: quality indicators have been proposed in Spain for assessing the various stages of clinical nutrition. However, reference standards for these indicators (feasible and relevant) based on daily practice of artificial nutrition are not available. Goals: the goal of this study was to propose quality indicators standards for their routine application to artificial nutrition in clinical practice. Material and methods: a multicenter, cross-sectional study-based on a survey applied to health professionals in the field of clinical nutrition-on the fulfilment of eight quality criteria was carried out during 2018 and 2019. The total number of processes and those that were correctly accomplished were assessed and compared with the corresponding proposed theoretical standard. Results: fifteen centers were assessed. Of eight indicators assessed, five were within the theoretical standard (correct identification of parenteral nutrition bags, semi-upright position of patients on enteral nutrition, administration of micronutrients in ready-to-use parenteral nutrition bags, checking placement of feeding tubes, and days with glycemia below 60 mg/dL). Two indicators were very close to the theoretical standard. One indicator, hyperglycemia in patients with parenteral nutrition, was far removed from its theoretical standard (15.7 % vs. 5 %). Conclusion: the administration of artificial nutrition in Spanish hospitals was performed with a high quality level. Therefore, standards based on daily clinical practice regarding artificial nutrition in Spain are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction and objective: pregnancy is a stage of life with high nutritional vulnerability and increased levels of maternal oxidative stress. Total antioxidant capacity (CAT) identifies the protective effect of a balanced diet rich in foods of plant origin with antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to relate CAT with dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) in pregnant women in the Community of Madrid. Methods: a cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted in 89 pregnant women and 61 healthy women of reproductive age. Age, place of origin, weight, height, BMI, macronutrient and micronutrient intake, and dietary CAT by food frequency were recorded; CAT was classified as desirable (≥ 19,301.0 µm/g) or undesirable (< 19,301.0 µm/g); the statistical analysis, including χ², Student's t-test or Mann Whitney U-test, was made using the SPSS program v.23. Results: differences were found in caloric profile, intake of antioxidant micronutrients, and dietary CAT (p < 0.05). Mean CAT in pregnant women was 23,163.0 ± 10,829.0 µm/g, whereas in non-pregnant women it was 25,916.0 ± 9,703.0 µm/g (p = 0.035). Pregnant women with a desirable CAT (56.2 %) preferred to consume fruits and vegetables, and 65.6 % of non-pregnant women preferred bread, pasta and cereals (p = 0.02). Hand fruit, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, and tomato were preferentially consumed by both groups. In pregnant women, poor nutritional status, overweight, and obesity rates of 36.0 % were found versus 28.0 % in non-pregnant women (p < 0.001). Conclusion: the BMI of pregnant women is not related to dietary CAT or the relatively low consumption of antioxidant components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: malnutrition is a global problem. In developed countries, malnutrition due to alterations in the population's eating habits or the presence of disease cannot be ignored, and affects hospitalized patients in particular. Objective: to determine the prevalence of malnutrition risk upon admission to Hospital General Nuestra Señora del Prado in Talavera de la Reina (Toledo, Spain). Methods: this was an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study. From September 2017 to October 2018 all patients admitted to hospital who met the selection criteria were assessed for nutritional status using the NRS-2002® test. Anthropometric and clinical data were collected from patients at nutritional risk (NRS-2002® score ≥ 3). The malnutrition observed was diagnosed according to type and severity, and nutritional indications were given, which were recorded in the report to the clinician and in the discharge report. Results: a total of 476 patients took the NRS-2002® test, which detected risk of malnutrition upon admission in 137 (28.8 %; 95 % CI: 24.8 % to 33.0 %). Average BMI (SD) was 24.6 (5.4) kg/m2. The dietitian-nutritionist recommended nutritional supplementation for 78.4 % of patients, and coding of nutritional status (ICD-10) for 82.1 %. In the discharge report, more than 70 % of these recommendations were omitted. Conclusions: in all, 28.8 % of the patients analyzed were at risk of malnutrition or undernourished on admission. Hospital malnutrition continues to be a problem, so it is vitally important that screening methods be included at admission to allow early nutritional intervention in hospitalized patients, and that trained healthcare personnel be incorporated to this end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the internal consistency, hypothesis testing and criterion‐related validity of the Spanish versions of the Kihon Checklist (KCL) – the original 25‐item and reduced 15‐item versions – for screening frailty in community‐dwelling older adults. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was carried out between March and September 2018 in Valencia province (Spain). A sample of 251 participants was recruited. Construct validity was assessed using four different frailty instruments, and alternative measures corresponding to the KCL domains (handgrip strength, gait speed, the Short Physical Performance Battery, skeletal muscle mass index, physical activity level, functional status, cognitive function, depressive mood, health‐related quality of life and nutritional status). Fried's Frailty Phenotype was used to evaluate criterion validity. Results: Internal consistency assessed with Kuder–Richardson Formula had a value of 0.69 for the 25‐item version, slightly lower than the usual 0.7 for considering good reliability, and 0.71 for the 15‐item version. There were significant correlations between KCL versions and Fried's Frailty Phenotype, Edmonton Scale, Tilburg Indicator and FRAIL Scale. Consistent significant correlations were also obtained with all frailty measurements and instrumental activities of daily living, physical strength, eating, socialization, and mood domains of the KCL. The KCL closely correlated with other standardized measurements of physical function, cognitive function, depressive mood, and health‐related quality of life. The KCL also showed satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for frailty (area under the curve 0.891 for KCL‐25; area under the curve 0.857 for KCL‐15). The optimal cut‐off points were 5/6 and 3/4, respectively. Conclusions: The findings suggest that both versions of the KCL, especially KCL‐15, showed adequate evidence of validity and internal consistency as a preliminary screening of frailty among community‐dwelling older adults in Spain. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 262–267. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to show that using different cutoff points for women and men in nutritional assessment through the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and different anthropometric variables, improves the diagnostic accuracy of malnutrition among people over 65 years. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 240 patients of 65 to 104 years in Córdoba (Spain) between 2013 and 2015. Excluded were those with disabling diseases that prevented informed consent. We assessed Nutritional status using the MNA and the Chang Method (Gold Standard). Global cut points per sex were determined for each independent variable using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves, choosing the best of each according to the highest Youden´s index (J). None of the variables studied showed high precision in the diagnosis of malnutrition in the elderly. Different cutoff points were found for all variables by sex, as well as variations in their validity indexes. The number of lymphocytes was more accurate in women (J = 0.58), being the muscular circumference of the arm the best in men (J = 0.8). Regarding MNA, the Long Form version showed higher sensitivity (S) in women (S = 76%) and short versions in men (S = 71% and 59%) at different cutoff points. The introduction of the sex variable seems determinant to achieve a more accurate diagnostic of malnutrition, avoiding biases derivate from a global study without considering its effect in the development of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: moderate to vigorous physical activity, limiting sedentary behaviors, and getting adequate rest are lifestyle factors that help prevent overweight and obesity. However, there are few studies that relate all of these factors to weight status, body composition, and diet quality in school children. Objective: to assess the differences in anthropometric status and diet quality in a group of Spanish schoolchildren, according to their level of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines. Methods: a total of 367 schoolchildren aged 7-11 years were studied. Anthropometric, dietary, and movement patterns were collected. Subsequently, they were divided into three groups based on their adherence to the extant guidelines: low adherence (BA), medium adherence (AM) and high adherence (AA). Results: only 15 % of the schoolchildren met the guidelines. The percentage of overweight was higher in the BA group than in the AM and AA groups. The BA group also had a lower fibre intake; a lower contribution to the recommendations for vitamins B6, B12 and C, selenium and magnesium; and a higher intake of saturated fatty acids. The schoolchildren who did not meet screen time recommendations had a higher odds ratio for overweight/obesity (OR = 1.92 (1.10-3.36); p = 0.022). Conclusion: schoolchildren who adhere to 2 or more movement guideline recommendations had less overweight and a diet of better nutritional quality. Non-compliance with the screen time recommendation leads to a higher risk of overweight or obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to analyse the gender differences in stress-related factors of university professors. A cross-sectional study was carried out, where gender differences in psychological, nutrition, physical activity, and oral health stress-related factors were analysed in 470 Spanish university professors (58.7% male and 41.3% female, 42.1 ± 9.2 years) through a compendium of questionnaires. The results showed how females presented significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher scores than males in perceived stress (females: 22.15 ± 4.40 vs. males: 19.69 ± 3.61), emotional exhaustion (females: 20.86 ± 9.51 vs. males: 16.44 ± 9.12), and neuroticism (females: 5.53 ± 1.97 vs. males: 4.77 ± 1.96). These results may be related to higher probabilities to suffer the burnout syndrome, showing possible physical symptoms of this psychological disorder such as dry mouth and gastritis or heartburn. We concluded that female professors presented higher burnout perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, and neuroticism levels than males. Females also presented higher dry mouth, gastritis, and heartburn than males. Female professors showed healthier nutritional habits than males, presenting higher consumption of milk products and fruit per day, a higher number of meals, and less eating between hours and fried food consumption. Nevertheless, females consumed fewer water glasses and practised less weekly sport than male professors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity of a Mediterranean diet consisting typical dishes from southern Spain. For that, a 5‐day diet was developed with typical dishes of Murcia. The antioxidant capacity of the diet was measured using ORACHF, FRAP, and DPPH methods, and the total phenolic compound content of this diet was estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu. About 50% of the antioxidant capacity and 29% of the phenolic compounds per day came from sample 14 (artichokes with ham), whereas only 1% and a 4%, respectively, proceed from sample 16 (gypsy pot). The total antioxidant capacity of the diet was estimated as 9,506.33 ET/100 g/person/day by the ORACHF method, and the total phenolic consume was estimated as 1,839.05 mg GAE/person/day. The proposed diet can be considered an excellent strategy for improving the nutritional status of the population because of its high antioxidant activity and phenolic compound content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Background: evidence from research suggests that the development of cancer disease is associated with environmental factors. There are few studies evaluating nutritional status in women suffering from cancer in Spain. Objectives: this study aimed to assess the nutritional status in breast cancer female patients at diagnosis in a northern region of Spain (Asturias), where breast cancer rates are particularly high when compared to the rest of Spain. Material and methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 76 newly diagnosed female cancer patients. Lifestyle factors, anthropometry, biochemical, and dietary intake data were collected immediately after diagnosis and prior to the initiation of the prescribed treatment. Results: a high percentage of these women diagnosed with cancer were sedentary (59.2%). Their average body mass index (BMI) was 27.3 ± 5.5 kg/m2. They also showed a high percentage of body fat, 38.3%, as well as a large waist circumference of 92.2 cm. Patients reported a low intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts, and a high intake of red meat, meat products, and sweet foodstuffs as compared to the Spanish dietary guidelines (p < 0.01). Conclusion: the results showed a low intake of folate, calcium, and vitamin D, which is particularly relevant in women. In conclusion, these breast cancer patients showed overweight and high sedentarism levels, and reported unbalanced dietary patterns at the time of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The causes of subfertility in women with CF though multifactorial are not well described. Our aim in this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with female subfertility among women with CF. A retrospective multinational study from 11 CF centers in 5 countries (Israel, France, Spain, Italy, UK) including women with CF was undertaken. Sub/infertility was defined as not achieving a spontaneous pregnancy after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse. Data including genetics, pancreatic insufficiency (PI), prevalence of diabetes (CFRD), lung function, nutritional status measured by body mass index (BMI), sputum bacterial colonization, and rate of pulmonary exacerbations were collected from patients' files. Out of 605 women, 241 attempted pregnancy. Of these, 84 (35%) had subfertility, and 67 of them eventually became pregnant. Females attempting conception were older but had better pulmonary function and nutrition compared to those who did not. In a multivariate analysis, PI (OR 1.9 [1.03–3.5], p =.04) and older age (OR 3.9 [2.1–7.3] p <.0001) were associated with subfertility. Lung function, BMI, CFRD, Presence of two class I-III mutations and number of exacerbations in the year prior to fertility attempts were not associated with subfertility. The prevalence of subfertility among women with CF (35%) is higher than the expected 5–15% subfertility in the general population. Older age and pancreatic insufficiency are associated with subfertility in women with CF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Objectives: part of the cultural and social identity of a population is its gastronomy. Currently, the extensive offering of processed meals, the influence from different cuisines, and "fashionable trends" (such as the various "foodie" trends) has led to confusion amongst consumers and the abandonment of traditional recipes. Deep dive in the study of gastronomy, its evolution and the nutritional consequences. Methods: bibliographic search in relation to the subject in Google and other manual searches. Results: the gastronomy of the Canarian Community is characterized by its sobriety and by having simple recipes, with dishes made with few ingredients. The consumption of food per capita stands above the national average. They consume more non-alcoholic beverages (mineral water, juices and soft drinks), dairy products and derivatives, oils and fats, legumes, sugars and sweets, however the consumption of fruits and vegetables is slightly lower than the national average. Other food groups remain around the national average. As a result, this change in their dietary habits, together with physical inactivity has favoured an increase in obesity and diabetes. Conclusions: the link between nutrition, gastronomy and territory can help alleviate the health problems derived from poor food choices in the Canary Islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: gastronomy and eating habits are key factors that determine a population's health and nutritional status. The geographical and climatic peculiarities of Castilla y León (CyL) contribute to the development of its cultural and gastronomic wealth. Objectives: to evaluate the gastronomic characteristics of CyL and assess the population's health and nutritional needs. Methods: this study is a narrative review. Results: in CyL there are more than 50 foods with various figures of quality, from vegetables, meats, cheeses and fruits to pasties and sweets. CyL has also the highest ratio of dining options from Spain. The caloric profile analysis reveals the trend towards an unbalanced diet with excess intake of lipids and proteins to the detriment of the consumption of complex carbohydrates. The assessment of food consumption shows higher values than the average national in all the food groups, with special attention to the meat and derivatives, milk and derived, eggs, cereals and legumes. With regard to lifestyle, best values in indicators of sedentarism, physical activity and obesity are observed in comparison with the rest of Spain. Conclusions: the region of Castilla y León has its own geographical and cultural characteristics that make it a region of reference at the national level in relation to the production and marketing of local products of quality. Eating habits are associated with gastronomy and contribute to the promotion of a good nutritional status and standard of living of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The diet of the population at Segovia has had two special changes, one at the XVI century because of foods from America were incorporated to their diet and another with the high distribution and sale has been done since the 1980s-90s. The survey data referred to food consumption allows us to evaluate the amount of food and drink groups consumed in the year 1964-65. Energy intake was higher than now. These same foods are those that have endured as a basis for cuisine and gastronomy at Segovia, being one of the most characteristic of the VI regional territory and the national scope. The most significant recipes of the gastronomy at Segovia have been written in handbooks in the same period as the survey, so the existing relationship for that period of food, nutrition and gastronomy is evident. Today all gastronomy has been relegated to occasional celebrations or special moments or to that referred to the restaurants as the economic engine of the city and the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Eastern Andalusia, is also named Highland Andalusia, because the elevated orography of the Betics mountain range, with the highest Iberian Peninsula summits. This region arose with the division of the Spanish territory by provinces and currently includes Almeria, Granada, Jaen. You should only stop and look into the bottom of our cooking pots to find the syncretism of the three monotheistic religions, Christianity, Jewish and Muslin, which mixed parties of each one with meals of the others, thus allowing the globalization of their gastronomies that remained until nowadays and makes difficult to find the actual origin of a particular meal recipe. Modern cooking tries to find the fusion between tastes and ingredients of traditional cooking with current knowledge and technology. The geographic and climate diversities in Eastern Andalusia are proportional to its pantry, which in turn is the source of its meal recipes. The population of Eastern Andalusia is moving away of the Mediterranean pattern and getting closer to the developed Western countries diet. This trend to decrease the consumption of proprietary Mediterranean foods seems to be maintained in the last years although some of them start to recover. In addition, some food groups e.g. meat and meat derivatives, pastries and sweets, with actual elevated consumption, tend to be moderated. The current food pattern for the whole Spanish population, as well as for Eastern Andalusia, is compatible with high intakes of saturated fat, and total and free sugars, and low intakes of fiber in a high percentage of the Spanish population as reported by the ANIBES study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Objectives: the objective of this work was to study the basis of the gastronomy of the Balearic Islands and to look for the feeding patterns as well as the current nutritional and health profiles. Methods: bibliographic search on Balearic gastronomy and nutrition. Results: the traditional gastronomic model of the Balearic Islands is rich and varied and has products of recognized quality under European and national labels. Currently, the consumption of cereals, eggs, vegetables, fruits, pulses, meats, fish and seafood is lower than that observed for the national average. However, the consumption of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages is much higher than this average. Conclusions: current food consumption is very far from the traditional Mediterranean model. The nutritional and health profile is worrisome. The challenge of Balearic gastronomy is to combine tradition with current knowledge to achieve a nutritionally acceptable and healthy evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To validate the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) in a Spanish population over 65 years of age with varying degrees of independence.Design: This cross-sectional validation study used the Chang nutritional assessment method as a reference test.Participants: 248 subjects (72.2% female), with a mean age of 81.3, completed the study. They were classified into three groups: (i) autonomous patients who were able to take part in activities outside their home; (ii) patients who require help with daily self-care; (iii) patients living in a residential health care facility.Setting: Three health centres and three residential care homes situated in Cordoba (Spain).Results: The kappa values for intra-observer and inter-observer agreement were 0.870 and 0.784, respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient intra-observer was 0.874 and the inter-observer was 0.789. The sensitivity and specificity readings for the diagnostic accuracy of MNA were 63.2% and 72.9% in the total sample, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.726. For patients in the Group A, B and C, the sensitivity was 89.3%, 60.7% and 18.8%, and the specificity was 23.3%, 56.8% and 94.1%, respectively.Conclusion: The results for the reliability of the survey were excellent, and its internal consistency was acceptable. The diagnostic accuracy, as measured by the sensitivity and specificity readings, was lower than that obtained with the original survey. It can therefore be considered more suitable for a population with limited autonomy, and less appropriate for independent patients. The results may not be relevant to patients outside of the Cordova region in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: to communicate HPN data obtained from the HPN registry of the NADYA-SENPE group (www.nadya-senpe.com) for the year 2017.Material and Methods: descriptive analysis of the data collected from adult and pediatric patients with HPN in the NADYA-SENPE group registry from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2017.Results: there were 308 patients from 45 Spanish hospitals (54.5% women), 38 children and 270 adults, with 3,012 episodes, which represent a prevalence rate of 6.61 patients/million inhabitants/year 2017. The most frequent diagnosis in adults was "palliative cancer" (25.6%), followed by "others". In children, it was Hirschsprung's disease with six cases (15.8%). The first indication was short bowel syndrome in both children (55.3%) and adults (33.7%). The most frequently used type of catheter was tunneled in both children (73.4%) and adults (38.2%). Ending 81 episodes, the most frequent cause was death (62.9%) and transition to oral feeding (34.7%).Conclusions: the progressive increase of collaborating centers and professionals in the registry of patients receiving NPD is maintained. The main indications of HPN and the motive for ending have remained stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the Museo Pedagógico Nacional (MPN) organized summer camps for the poorest schoolchildren of both sexes (1887-1926). The Former Students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (CAAILE) also organized theirs (1894-1936). Numerous anthropometric variables were taken at the beginning and the end of Camps.Objectives: compare the nutritional status of young people upon arrival in the camps with contemporary references. Analyze the received food and determine its suitability. Check the impact of this diet on the nutritional status of the individuals.Methods: the sample consists of 2937 individuals (1720 males and 1217 females), from 6 to 17 years old. Two age groups have been established (≤ 11 and > 11 years). Diet information in the camps has been collected and its quality estimated, using the KidMed questionnaire. Height, weight, mamillary circumference and right and left dynamometry data were collected. Respective Body Mass Indexes (BMI) have been estimated. Measures at the end of the Camps were compared to those at the beginning of them, according to age and sex. BMI / age and height / age (according to WHO) categories have been also compared at the beginning and the end of Camps, by age group and sex. The software SPSS v.22 and the AnthroPlus of the WHO have been used.Results and Conclusions: diet analysis shows that it was balanced and healthy. Individuals BMI at the beginning of the camp was inferior to that of their contemporaries. The received food had a positive effect on their nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: height variations across cohorts are a proxy of the evolution of living conditions and, specifically, of the nutritional status of a given population. However, the interpretation of the changes in stature sexual dimorphism are controversial.Objective: to test the association between nutritional status and the changes in height differentials between men and women (sexual dimorphism) in the long run (19th and 20th centuries).Methods: three data sources containing measured adult heights are used, namely: - Data from previous works. - Data from health examination surveys in OECD countries. - Data from the NCD RisC Factor Collaboration project. Two indicators are analyzed: absolute sexual dimorphism (men's height minus women's height) and the ratio of sexual dimorphism (men's height divided by women's height).Results: a secular trend of sexual dimorphism is evidenced over the second half of the 20th century coinciding with the substantial improvement of environmental factors that determine the net nutritional status. Among cohorts born at the end of the 20th century in non-marginal environments, the average sexual dimorphism was found to be 13.69 cm -absolute- and 1.084 -ratio-. In comparison with these modern figures of sexual dimorphism, those found among cohorts born during the 19th century are abnormally low, especially during periods of worsening of living conditions.Conclusions: if properly addressed, sexual dimorphism has the ability to report on the degree of environmental stress and its impact on the nutritional status and its differentials across specific groups of the population both cross-sectionally and over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the stage of autarky and early years of developmentalism was one of the periods in the contemporary history of Spain when inequalities in food and nutrition became more pronounced.Objectives: to examine malnutrition among the rural population (municipalities with fewer than 2000 inhabitants), including territorial inequalities and the delayed onset of a rural food and nutrition transition.Methods: we analysed the rural food and nutrition surveys carried out by the General Commission for Supplies and Transport (Spanish initials: CAT) and the Food and Nutrition Education Programme (Spanish initials: EDALNU) between 1964 and 1972.Results: the rural population presented a deficit of animal proteins, calcium and vitamins A and B2, due to scant consumption of protective foods. Andalucía and inland Spain were the regions with the highest percentage of people whose diet did not meet nutritional requirements. These deficiencies were not only responsible for the prevalence of caries and skin, mucous membrane and eye lesions, but were also behind delayed growth (height and weight). This was not the result so much of poverty as of the persistence of poor eating habits.Conclusions: besides evidencing the delayed onset of a food and nutritional transition in the Spanish rural population, our findings document policies that sought to encourage the consumption of protective foods in rural areas and empower the population with regard to food and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: a number of environmental determinants influence children growth and development and influence the potential expression or its evolution over time. In this paper we analyse the influence of selected sociodemographic factors on overweight, body weight and height in the Spanish adult population.Methods: the analysis was conducted in a subsample (25 to 64 years of age) of the ENPE study, a cross-sectional observational study on a random population sample. Information was collected on age, gender, educational level, occupation and place of residence. Social class was coded according to occupation. Individual body weight and height were measured.Results: the prevalence of obesity is higher in men, increases with age and there is an inverse relationship with the level of education and social class. Higher prevalence rates were observed in Asturias, Galicia and in Andalusia. Short stature is more frequent in people with incomplete primary education and low social class, in contrast to high stature, which is also more frequent in the North-East and central regions. Low body weight is less frequent in people with very poor education and low social class.Conclusions: based on the unequal distribution of overweight and obesity, preventive strategies in Community Nutrition should consider improving the level of nutrition education and literacy of the population, with special emphasis on the most disadvantaged people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: the anthropometric data of the Instituto de Orientación Profesional (Institute of Vocational Guidance) (IOP) is introduced and analysed. The IOP during its activity years (1917- 1935) advised youngsters of the city (mainly 13-19 y.) in their job seeking process.Material and Methods: the statistical information provided by IOP has been analysed through two types of sources. One, secondary, based on statistics published in a monograph in the year 1936. Other, primary, from 305 individual cards found in the archives. Tables of growth of child and young populations of Spain as a model have been applied in order to assess the nutritional condition of the young attending the IOP.Results: social and residential differences reflected in heights and weights of young applicants for employment (15-19 y.). 6.5 cm height and 4.5 kg weight as average between Wealthy and Middle and Working Class. Between 2 and 3 cm and 2 and 4 kg from residents in Ensanche compared to Casco Antiguo and Barriadas. Levels of moderate malnutrition would be of 17% and severe malnutrition between 3% and 5% in young population (13-16 y.) As determinant factor of height and weight, dilution hypothesis suggest the size of sibling. Regression results show a negative effect of this variable of 0.35 cm on height and 0.41 Kg on weight.Conclusions: anthropometrical and nutritional outputs from the IOP's young population revealed the consequences of social and spatial segregation and current Malthusian tensions in Barcelona in the first third of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: this article examines the nutritional crisis and the social gap during Franco's autarky. It considers the municipality of Hellín (Castilla-La Mancha), prototype of traditional agrarian population.Methods: use the stature of 8,947 men measured at ages 20-21 years between the military recruits of 1930-1969. Analyze the differences in height by rural-urban residence, education and occupation. The professions are grouped according to the Hisco-Hisclass methodology in five large groups.Results: the height per year of replacement registered a deterioration at the end of the Civil War and stagnated until 1953. The highest value of the 1930 decade (1937) did not recover until 1960. The rural-urban gap was barely significant, although the average of the urban height was in values slightly higher than the rural one and it increased for those born in the autarky. The illiterates were lower than the literate and their differences increased for those who lived their initial adolescence between 1930 and 1955. The deterioration of height in the 1940s was higher for less skilled workers and agricultural day laborers, lower for farmers (farmers) and, barely significant for more skilled non-manual workers, including elites. This group was the one that most progressed in physical well-being between 1930 and 1960.Conclusions: the nutritional status worsened for those who lived through the beginning of their adolescence in the 30s and 40s. The social gap, including the educational one, increased during the 1940s. Nutritional inequality increased in the Francoist autarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

inequality in net nutritional status, measured through the average adult male height, and its evolution, is still unknown as far as Spain in the late XVIII century is concerned.Objective: assess social and occupational differences in the average adult male height of cohorts born in the late 18th century and their evolution over time.Method: analysis of anthropometric data provided by a general conscription which took place in 1808 in the ancient province of Toledo. This source includes the age, height, and profession of all men living in a giving community with an age included between 16 and 40 years as far as 90 communities are concerned. Only data for adult population (more than 21 years old) are used in this investigation. n = 8.029.Results: differences of almost 5 cm between the tallest group - landowners and people working in high-skilled services- and the shortest - servants - are detected. These differences show a gradient related to the access to the property of land, the educational status and the professional qualification. The Coefficient of Variation shows a trend to higher inequality during this period.Conclusion: inequality in the net nutritional status of adult population was high and increased during the period considered in this study. Inequality within some socio-professional groups, such as farmers and craftsmen, also increased, while it did not show major changes in the other groups. The trend which emerges from the data can be explained by the increasing economic inequality, the relative increase in food prices and the fall in the incomes of certain social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article underlines the relevance of anthropometric history among the disciplines concerned with health and nutrition. The examination of changes on the nutritional status and inequality in Spain focused the 4th Anthropometric History Workshop held at the beginning of 2018 where 18 original contributions were presented and discussed. We first show the ability of human stature to approach the impact of socioeconomic processes and environmental changes on the nutritional status over the last centuries. Then it is proceeded to present the main contents and advances achieved in the workshop. The papers coped with diverse dimensions of inequality regarding nutritional health and its determinants since the end of the 18th century until 2015. Aside of height and weight at different ages, principally adult ones, others anthropometric indicators were analyzed such as sexual dimorphism and low weight at birth. The results illustrate the large prevalence of malnutrition and social inequality in past Spain. These problems persisted over a good part of the 20th century (i.e. stunting) and, they acquired a different nature since the 1980s as the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity reveals. It is concluded that the determinants of nutritional status and health-related inequalities request multidimensional approaches and the dialogue between social sciences and biomedical sciences. Knowing about their dimensions in the past and their evolution over time provides a valuable basis in order to understand current problems in these areas and to address future public policies more adequately on childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: many studies have used anthropometric data to approach the evolution of the net nutritional status but those focused on its socioeconomic differentials over time are still a few in Spain.Objective: to analyze the evolution of nutritional inequalities in the long run by using a sample of male statures from the Spanish towns of Elche and Orihuela.Methods: we use anthropometric and sociodemographic data entailed to conscripts aged 19-21 who were born between 1840 and 1964 and were measured between 1860 and 1984. Anthropometric inequalities are approached by analyzing height percentiles series, variation coefficient series as well as height series by socio-educational status: literate, illiterate and students.Results: there is a solid association between low height averages (poor nutritional status) and more heterogeneous height distribution (higher inequality). The highest values of the variation coefficient as well as the larger differences by socio-educational status are found during the central decades of the 19th century and during the context of the Spanish Civil War and the first postwar decade.Conclusion: nutritional inequalities as reflected by heights decreased from very high levels prior to the nutrition and epidemiological transitions moderate levels during such transitions. Nevertheless, an increase in nutritional inequality is found among the cohorts born during the decade of the 1940s which were fully or partially raised during the advanced stage of the nutrition transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: it is intended to know the historical evolution of adult height in Extremadura and deepen, from it, in the footprint of nutritional inequality, especially that linked to education.Methods: the military documentation conserved in 32 municipalities of Extremadura for the population born between 1857 and 1957 (recruited between 1878 and 1978) is used and, with it, an annual series of statures is elaborated that, besides being standardized and disaggregated according to the level of literacy, is subjected to two dispersion tests: coefficient of variation and Gini coefficient.Results: a sustained growth of the net nutritional state, interrupted only by the agrarian crises of the last decades of the XIX century and by the inflation unleashed as a result of the First World War, is observed; the difficulty of perceiving the incidence of the Civil War and the post-war period without taking into account the gains in nutrition achieved subsequently is noted; it is also noted the inability of statistical dispersion to capture the true face of nutritional inequality, which is, however, remarked through the gap that is detected between the literate and non-literate population.Conclusion: the expansion of adult height in Extremadura is interpreted as a test of the economic and social modernization of the region, especially of the culmination of the nutritional transition, at the same time as the suitability of literacy is verified to know not only the dynamics of educational inequality, but also the evolution and the degree of intensification of nutritional inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: we analyzed the evolution of nutritional status in the Canary Islands (province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife) during the second half of the 19th century and its scope in the Spanish context.Methods: with data on military recruitment, we estimated the average male height at ages 19-21 years by birth cohorts for the period 1860-1915. We analyzed the Recruitment and Replacement Statistics of Spain for the beginning of the 20th century (regional data) and the Classification and Declaration of Soldiers Acts of three municipalities of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The sample consists of 15,645 conscripts of Santa Cruz de la Palma (La Palma), La Orotava and Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tenerife).Results: the male height reached the highest values known in Spain in the 19th century and recorded an increase of 2.86 cm between the cohorts of 1860 and 1915. The determinants of the advantage of Canarian stature are discussed. The diet, the lower incidence of diseases and favorable environmental conditions for health, due to a mild climate, could be decisive factors of the nutritional status advantage in the Canary Islands.Conclusions: the average male height of the western Canary Islands is closer to the parameters of Western Europe than of the peninsular Spain. Even being relatively poor, Canarian adolescents exhibit the greatest physical wellbeing in Spain from 1860 to 1915 and a pattern of biological and nutritional well-being similar to that of the more developed and industrial Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: we analyzed the rural-urban differences of the nutritional status by residence (DRU) of the Basque male population during the Industrial Revolution.Methods: We used data from the military recruitment of 1876-1936 (cohorts born in 1856-1915). We analyzed the heights of 12,747 conscripts in six municipalities of Vizcaya. The DRUs are analyzed in three rural municipalities (Amorebieta, Dima and Bermeo = 4,612 cases) and three urban-industrial (Portugalete, San Salvador del Valle and Sestao = 8,135). In addition to the standardized height averages at the age of 21 years, we estimate a body mass index (BMI) for 1912, the only year available, compared to 1969, 1998-2000 and 2005.Results: the average height is among the highest in Spain. Between 1857 and 1915 cohorts went up to 168.2 cm 164.9 cm. The DRU were significant, being higher in the countryside than in the city. Rural height increased from 164.7 cm to 167.5 cm, as did urban 164.1 cm to 167.3 cm: improved 2.8 and 3.2 cm, respectively. The rural-urban gap in height persisted in the period with differences of up to 2 cm in the 1870s and convergence was noted at the beginning of the 1930s.Conclusion: the nutritional status of the Basques during industrialization was healthier than in the rest of Spain and better in the rural world than in the urban one. The advantage of rural height in Biscay contrasts with that of the Spanish average, which presents a clear rural penalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: since the 2000s the nutritional status of Spanish rural populations has been studied by anthropometric history. But despite this undoubted progress, we hardly have comparative studies on the height and biological inequality between agrarian zones of different productive specialization (irrigated and dryland agriculture).Objectives: to analyse the nutritional inequality in agrarian zones of different productive specialization in Mediterranean Spain (irrigated and dryland agriculture) during the process of modernization.Methods: we use height data of 146,041 conscripts called for recruitment in ten municipalities (72,557 in irrigated areas and 73,514 in dryland areas). We estimate average height, coefficients of variation and percentiles according to agrarian specialization.Results: between the cohorts of 1840 and 1965 the nutritional status improved. The average height grew 9.1 cm. The conscripts measured in the irrigated areas were higher than the conscripts measured in the dryland areas (differences of 1.8 cm). At the end of the study period, the average height growth was greater in the irrigated ones. The analysis of coefficients of variation (CV) and percentiles show, however, that the nutritional inequality was greater in dryland areas.Conclusions: there are significant differences in the average height according to patterns of agrarian specialization in Mediterranean Spain and a clear relative advantage in irrigated areas versus dryland. Various explanatory factors that could be future research lines are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: studies about the Nutritional Transition in Spain (NTS) until the mid-20th century are based on direct, and heavily aggregated, consumption estimates, a methodology that obscures important aspects of this process.Objective: to show the new possibilities of study opened by the analysis of hospital diets and to suggest new NTS indicators based on the menus provided by the Hospital Provincial in Valencia (HPV) and the Hospital Sant Jaume in Olot (HSJO), between 1900 and 1936.Method: we have calculated food and nutrient consumption among patients and hospital staff as well as among different groups of the population, and compared the results thus obtained with those calculated for the whole of Spain in the previous article in this supplement.Results: hospital menus contributed to disseminate certain strategic foodstuffs for the NTS: milk, eggs and fresh meat first, and fish, vegetables and fruit later. The public dissemination of these foodstuffs was, however, uneven, and deficits in the intake of micro- and macro-nutrients intake decreased at different paces, according to social group.Conclusions: hospital diets confirm that nutrition in Spain improved in the decades that preceded the Civil War, as well as the pioneering role that sanitary institutions played in this process. The data also suggests that the process operated at different paces in the reduction of deficits in the intake of certain nutrients according to age groups and socio-economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the main changes in the diet and the intake of energy and macronutrients as a result of the Nutritional Transition in Spain (NTS) are well known, but the intake of micronutrients and the overall nutritional status of the population are much less well known.Objective: to propose new indicators to estimate the intake of nutrients among different social groups during the NTS, with special attention to vulnerable groups such as women, pregnant women and minors.Method: we estimate the nutritional needs of different social groups in Spain between 1860 and 2011, based on their demographic, anthropometric and professional characteristics, and we compare these results with new estimates of apparent and real consumption, using the energy demands of different groups as reference.Results: From the late 19th century onwards, with the exception of the period 1936-1950, the food intake of the Spanish population has increasingly covered their needs in terms of energy and nutrients. Some micronutrients, however, were only incorporated slowly and late, especially among minors, adult women and pregnant women. As was the case in other countries, the intake of these nutrients from the late 20th century onwards has been excessive and unbalanced.Conclusions: differences in the nutritional state of various social groups remained significant until the late 20th century. Improvements greatly benefited the adult male population, and to a lesser extent the female and infant population. These deficiencies chiefly concerned essential micronutrients for growth and physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The expression of certain genes involved in response to oxidative stress is likely related to aging-related outcomes, such as frailty in old age. Given nutrition's substantial impact in aging and age-related diseases, one of its mechanisms might be through influencing gene expression.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between nutrition and the expression of 15 genes related to cellular response to stress in older community-dwelling individuals.Methods: A nested case-control study of 350 participants (mean ± SEM age: 76.5 ± 6.9 y, 42.9% men, 22% frail according to Fried's criteria) was selected from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging. Blood-derived RNA was retro-transcribed into complementary DNA. TaqMan Arrays were used for determining gene expression. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterranea) questionnaire measured nutritional status and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), respectively. Data were reweighed so that inference from linear and logistic regression models applied to the original sampling population.Results: Higher MNA scores were associated with higher expressions of the gene coding for sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), regardless of age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity score (P = 0.04) and even after adjusting for frailty status (P = 0.016) and level of adherence to the MD (P = 0.04). Malnutrition risk and SIRT1 gene expression were inversely associated (P = 0.0045) independently of frailty status (P = 0.0045) and level of adherence to the MD (P = 0.0075).Conclusions: In older individuals, improvement in nutritional status is positively associated with SIRT1 gene expression independently of frailty status or adherence to the MD. These findings may provide potential biomarkers and targets for health interventions among the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the recent economic and financial crisis has affected most Western countries, especially families of low socioeconomic classes. We speculate that worsening of socioeconomic condition associated with the crisis would increase obesity, mainly in disadvantaged families.Material and Methods: cross-sectional study of the 290,111 children aged three to 12 years old attending public school during the term 2014-2015 in Madrid City, by means of a stratified weighted sample randomly chosen, taking into account age (grade), city district and schools. The questionnaire included weight and height (auto-reported), dietary report (weekly frequency of intake), as well as socioeconomic variables.Results: 1,208 questionnaires were evaluated from 64 classes. Half of participants were boys; 42% were younger than five years old, 35% werebetween six and eight years old, and 23% older than eight. Undernutrition was present in 5.0%, and excess of weight (overweight + obesity) in 36.7%. Undernutrition was higher in children under the age of six (9.1%). No relationship was found between undernutrition and the characteristics of the families but was slightly higher in families where both parents were unemployed. Excess of weight was higher in children of non-Spaniard parents (44% vs 32%, p < 0.0001), as well as in those families with economic problems (41% vs 31%, p = 0.0005). Only for meat, grains and dairy, the weekly intake was close to the recommendations.Conclusions: children from lower income households were at a higher risk of being overweight compared with their peers. Participation in a school-based food aid program may reduce food insecurity for children and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is used to describe the iodine status of a population. However, the link between UIC and iodine intake may vary during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to compare UIC during and after pregnancy, adjusting for factors that affect iodine intake.Methods: Two repeated measures of UIC and data on maternal iodine intake estimated through questionnaires were collected during pregnancy and 1-4 years after pregnancy in a subsample of women (n = 598) from a mother and child cohort study in Spain. Random-effects interval regression was used to assess the changes in UIC according to pregnancy status.Results: Median UIC was similar during (133 μg/L) and after pregnancy (139 μg/L). After adjusting for iodised salt, iodine supplement consumption, and socio-demographic related variables, UIC was 24.0% (95% CI 11.3, 38.2) higher after than during pregnancy. This difference was maintained in a subsample of women with exhaustive information on diet (n = 291): 26.2%, 95% CI 10.3, 44.4.Conclusions: In an iodine sufficient area for the general population, iodine excretion was lower during than after pregnancy when factors affecting iodine intake were controlled for. Current recommendations of median UIC during pregnancy are based on the equivalence between iodine intake and UIC estimated from studies in non-pregnant populations, which might lead to overestimation of iodine deficiency during gestation. Further studies should evaluate the equivalence between iodine intake and its urinary excretion during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the environmental factors (nutritional status, levels of physical activity and nutritional habits) and their possible association with bone mass in a population of young adults. Methods: The study population consisted of 200 subjects (117 women and 83 men) aged between 18 and 25 years (mean age 20.4 years ±2.2 years). Body composition parameters were measured by an electronic balance (TANITA BC-418MA), nutritional habits were estimated by 72-h dietary recall, level of physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and bone mass was measured by ultrasonography at the calcaneus. Results: There were significant differences in bone mass values according to gender (p= 0.013). Despite the fact that 70% of the subjects had a body mass index (BMI) within the normal range, 20% had overweight or obesity. 49% of the individuals had a moderate level of physical activity, although women had lower levels of physical activity than men (17.9% vs 8.4%). Most diets among young adults were hyperprotic, hyperlipidic and low-carbohydrates, with low-calcium and fiber intakes and high-phosphorus. Analysis of bone mass according to BMI showed higher values as the weight category rises, with significant differences in women. Higher values of bone mass were shown as the level of physical activity was higher, showing significant differences in males. Conclusion: Our results show that BMI and level of physical activity are significantly associated with bone health in a population of young adults, suggesting the relevance of promoting healthy lifestyles as a strategy for the early prevention of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to describe hepcidin levels and to assess their associations with iron status and the main variants in the HFE gene in healthy and full-term newborns during the first year of life, as a longitudinal study conducted on 140 infants. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, hepcidin, hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), transferrin saturation (TS), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and C-reactive protein (CRP), were assessed in 6- and 12-month-olds. Infants were genotyped for the three main HFE variants: C282Y, H63D, and S65C. Hepcidin levels increased from 6 to 12 months of age (43.7 ± 1.5 to 52.0 ± 1.5 ng/mL; p < 0.001), showing higher levels in infants with better iron status compared to those with iron deficiency (ID) (44.8 ± 1.5 vs 37.9 ± 1.3 ng/mL, p < 0.018, and 54.3 ± 1.5 vs 44.0 ± 1.4 ng/mL, p < 0.038, in 6- and 12-month-olds, respectively). In multivariate linear regression models, iron status was found to be associated with hepcidin levels in infants with wild-type HFE gene (p = 0.046 and p = 0.048 in 6- and 12-month-olds, respectively). However, this association was not found in HFE-alteration-carrying infants. Hepcidin levels increased in healthy infants during the first year of life and were positively associated with iron levels only in infants with wild-type HFE gene, a situation that requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: home enteral nutrition (HEN) has undergone an important development; however, there is a notable lack of information with regard to its incidence and characteristics.Objectives: our aim was to assess the state of HEN in our area.Methods: an observational, prospective study, involving all patients who had initiated HEN in the Nutrition Unit during a year. Epidemiological, functional, and nutritional evolution of the patients was described and incidence of HEN was calculated.Results: HEN incidences totalled 229/100,000 inhabitants/year. The HEN population in our area was characterized by the aged and a high frequency of comorbidity and functional limitations. Neurological and oncological diseases accounted for 50% of indications. The remaining cases were malnourished patients who had received short periods of HEN after hospitalization or a hip fracture. Oral supplements (60%) with standard and hypercaloric formulas were used the most. At baseline, 75% of the patients suffered from malnutrition. During the follow-up, patients showed weight gain (1.6%), an increase in the percentage of normal weight and overweight (from 74% to 82.7%, p = 0.001) and a reduction in pressure ulcers (15.7% vs10.3%, p < 0.001). The median duration of HEN was 8.5 months. Only a quarter of the patients experienced complications (mostly mild gastrointestinal complications); 43.1% had died at the end of the follow-up.Conclusions: in our area, the HEN incidence was much higher than those described in the literature. HEN appears to be a safe therapy with few complications that improves the nutritional status of the patients, even with short periods of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: micronutrients are essential compounds present in foods and diets should provide adequate quantities to maintain growth, development and metabolic functions in men.Objectives: to review the adequacy to micronutrient recommendations amongst the population from the ANIBES study.Material and Methods: published data from the ANIBES Study was reviewed to assess intakes in relation to the Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDI) for each age group including total, plausible and non-plausible reporters.Results: throughout all age groups, folates and vitamin D were the vitamins with the lowest proportion of subjects having intakes above 80% the RDI. Zinc intake was lower in children, adults and the elderly but not in adolescents. Nevertheless, vitamin D consumption increased with age.Conclusion: our results show inadequate intakes for at least three key micronutrients across all age groups. Authorities should promote nationwide nutritional policies to address unbalanced diets focusing on reaching vulnerable populations in order to overcome this major public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breakfast is one of the more controversial meals, considered as the most important of the day on some occasions and questioned in others. The first difficulty in analyzing the evidence of a relationship between breakfast and health is the definition of what a healthy breakfast is, based on its energy content, the frequency of its consumption and the type of food that are included in it. The breakfast of the Spanish population is improvable, since a high percentage of the child and adult Spanish population makes an insufficient breakfast or incorporates food with an inadequate nutritional profile. Scientific studies suggest that making a healthy breakfast is related to a greater intake of nutrients in the total of the day, better coverage of the nutritional recommendations and better quality of the whole diet. It is also associated with better body weight control and healthy cardiometabolic risk indicators, both in children and adults. Breakfast has also been related to improvements in attention and cognitive function in all age groups, both in acute, chronic and intervention studies, although they are very heterogeneous and it is necessary to investigate further in this line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diet is one of the pillars of the treatment for patients with chronic kidney disease without dialysis (NDD-CKD). Despite this, very few studies have evaluated the diet in Spanish population.Objective: To evaluate the diet of a group of patients with advanced CKD, comparing it with the recommendations, and its relation with nutritional status.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 74 patients (39 men), with a mean age of 70.9 ± 13.6 years and creatinine clearance of 15.3 ± 2.1 mL/min. Biochemical, anthropometric and intake variables (3-day dietary record) were collected, comparing them with the recommendations for patients with CKD and, if they did not exist, with nutritional recommendations and objectives for the Spanish population. The nutritional status was assessed by modified criteria of protein-energy wasting (PEW).Results: The mean energy intake was 23.2 ± 6.5 kcal/kg body weight/day, and the protein intake was 0.93 ± 0.2 g/kg body weight/day. Men had a higher intake of alcohol and vitamin D whereas women presented a higher intake of trans fatty acids and vitamin B1. In addition, 91.4% of patients had high intake of phosphorus and 73% of potassium. Only 2.7% showed an adequate intake of vitamin D and 21.6% of folates; 18.9% of patients presented PEW. A positive correlation was found between albumin, body mass index (BMI) and creatinine clearance.Conclusion: Most patients with non-dialysis CKD do not meet dietary recommendations or nutritional goals, regardless of gender and PEW status, considering renal function as a limiting factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]