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The European Commission calls for schools to move towards becoming open to their communities, integrating external social, civil, and expert stakeholders into authentic learning experiences' development alongside teachers and students, particularly in terms of science education. However, little research or practical implementation has been reported on how community actors could participate in the development of such curricular learning activities. In this study, we present an implementation of the open science schooling (OSS) approach to science learning, where community involvement in the development of science missions takes a vital role. During the study, students developed science missions related to local societal issues that interested them in collaboration with their teachers and community experts, with frequent hands-on investigations outside their classrooms or laboratories, in five European countries and Israel. Questionnaires with quantitative and qualitative questions concerning students' and teachers' views and perspectives about implementing science education using OSS were administered after the participants finished their science missions. The results indicate the effectiveness of the OSS approach to science learning involving the community from both students' and teachers' perspectives. This study is a step towards supporting schools in becoming active agents of change through the implementation of contextualized learning experiences alongside external stakeholders.

The current expansion of hate speech in different areas of public life poses a challenge for educators committed to developing their praxis from an intercultural approach. In this sense, the social privileges enjoyed by part of the population are exploited through these discourses with political and economic objectives that are incompatible with collective justice. To delve deeper into this issue, a participatory research study was carried out among 52 adolescents and nine educators with the aim of identifying the scenarios, agents and strategies related to these discourses, as well as to create collective strategies to address this social problem. Over a period of 9 months, dialogic workshops were conducted to identify relevant issues that would facilitate a pedagogical approach to addressing hate speech. This article presents results that clarify the role of privilege in educational reflection and action in the face of hate speech. It concludes with some reflections, questions and possible guidelines to promote critical literacy in educational scenarios that help question hate speech when it is based on the defence of inequality through naturalised privileges.

To respond to the needs of the language industry, further specialisation in terminology at Master's level is needed to equip students with the necessary skills to work as corporate and institutional terminologists. For this purpose, curricular design should envisage the general and specific competences identified by practising terminologists in the workplace. Moreover, the competences established by the European Master's in Translation Competence Framework (2009, 2017, 2022), adapted to terminology work, can be used to identify course content and expected learning outcomes. Teaching and learning strategies should promote life-long learning and learner autonomy. Finally, course instructors should include both lecturers and practitioners. This paper discusses the curriculum developed for corporate and institutional terminology training within the Master's Degree in Professional Translation at the University of Granada (Spain), a programme that was incorporated into the EMT network in 2019. The ultimate goal is to train highly qualified terminologists who meet the demands of the market, and who have the necessary competences and skills to continue their self-training, once they have completed their postgraduate studies and have entered the labour market.

Background: The development of prosocial competencies in university students can be attained through the implementation of Service-Learning (S-L) methodology by carrying out a community service to groups of foreign unaccompanied minors (FUM). Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) and Sport Science (SS) students involved in an S-L experience normally develop a critical way of thinking as they face social conflicts. Besides, social justice education and S-L attempt to help in favour of social inclusion of vulnerable groups. Purpose: This study aims to assess the development of prosocial competencies in PETE and SS students taking a Dual Degree Program in Physical Activity (PA) and SS and Primary Education. This is done through S-L methodology, by carrying out a community service to groups of FUM. Method: A total of 21 male and 9 female PETE and SS students participated in this study. The methodology used is of a qualitative nature. Reflective diary is used as an instrument for data collection, and content analysis as an information analysis technique. Results: It has been observed an improvement in the prosocial competencies of the PETE and SS students involved in the S-L experience. The competencies with the greatest number of references and, therefore, those with a greater presence in their testimonies, include organisation, proactivity and optimism, self-esteem, and tolerance and respect. Conclusion: The S-L is capable of undertaking a transformative role which enables PETE and SS students to acquire prosocial competencies in contexts relating to cultural diversity and social justice.

(1) Background: The aim of Second Chance Schools (E2Cs) is to provide employment-focused training for young people who left compulsory education without any formal qualifications by encouraging them to pursue initial vocational training. Transversal Competences (TCs) are important for enabling the social inclusion of young people in vulnerable situations by promoting their entry into the labour market. However, TCs are not always systematically developed. The objective of this study is to analyse good practices in inculcating these skills in this group of young people. (2) Methods: In-depth case studies were conducted in six best-practice schools. The following methods were used in the studies: questionnaires to school; a checklist to analyse the teaching materials used: an interview with the people responsible for the programme; an interview with students; and a questionnaire to representatives from the business sector. (3) Results: The six E2Cs attached great importance to TCs, which were taught specifically through a student-centred, active, varied and collaborative methodology that was periodically reviewed and adapted to students' needs. TCs were evaluated before, during, and after the process was completed. (4) Conclusions: The results identified specific key elements for promoting the development of TCs that could be transferred to other schools and, consequently, could have implications for education policies in this field.

Recent studies, supported by the European project "Europe Engage -- Developing a Culture of Civic Engagement through Service-Learning within Higher Education in Europe," suggest that service-learning (SL) is an effective approach to develop personal and social learning linked to real contexts. This particular case study analyses the perceived effects of an SL programme implemented in Melilla (on the border between Africa and Europe) by Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students. They offered a service focusing on promoting physical activity and sport among different vulnerable groups (unaccompanied foreign minors, migrants and refugees, adults with autism spectrum disorders, women in conditions of social exclusion, ex-drug addicts and vulnerable older people). This case study used a qualitative hermeneutic-phenomenological methodology. A total of 46 PETE students (36 male and 10 female) participated in one of the two editions of SL carried out in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Two focus groups and 46 personal reflective journals were analysed, and some interesting outcomes emerged from the thematic analysis, related to the four categories of Butin's conceptual model, which was used as a benchmark. These findings reveal how SL can promote an inclusive Physical Education (PE) experience in such a multicultural setting. The positive results achieved are consistent with previous SL research and specifically support the applied intervention design based on the phases of Kolb's experiential learning (1984). In conclusion, SL offers an empowering approach for multicultural education in PETE programmes, supporting the socially critical research developed in PE in recent decades.

Aim: To investigate if tachypneic response to hypoxia is decreased in older patients. Methods: We included all patients ≥65 years of age attending 52 Spanish emergency departments (EDs) for whom peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SatO2) measured by pulsioxymetry and respiratory rate (RR) were registered at ED arrival. We assessed the relationship between SatO2 and RR in different models, and with the best‐fitting model, we independently analyzed this relationship in four subgroups according to patient age (65–69, 70–79, 80–89, and ≥90 years). Five sensitivity analyses using different subsets of patients were carried out to check for the consistency of the results. Results: We included 7126 patients, with medians for SatO2 and RR of 97% (interquartile range [IQR]: 94–98) and 15 bpm (IQR: 15–16), respectively. We found significant associations (P < 0.001) between SatO2 and RR in every model tested (P < 0.001 for all), with the quadratic model obtaining the best fit (R2: 0.098) over those obtained with linear (R2: 0.096) and logarithmic (R2: 0.092) models. The same was observed in sensitivity analyses, with R2 for quadratic models ranging from 0.069 in patients with low comorbidity and 0.102 in patients breathing room air. The mean RR for 100% SatO2 was 15 bpm and increased as SatO2 decreased, although with a progressive slowing of the slope, with a mean RR of 27 at 50% SatO2. We detected a decreased RR response to increasing hypoxemia according to age and, while the RR curve was higher and with a progressively steepening slope in the 972 patients aged 65–69 (mean RR of 42 bpm with 50% SatO2), a progressive slowing of slope was observed in the 2693 patients aged 70–79 (mean RR of 28 with 50% SatO2), the 2582 aged 80–89 (mean RR of 25) and the 879 aged ≥90 (mean RR of 23). Sensitivity analyses provided very similar results. Conclusion: Tachypneic response to hypoxemia in older patients decreases as age advances, regardless of the reason leading to hypoxemia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 1120–1129. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient health literacy (HL) affects health and wellbeing on both individual and population levels. The ability to receive, understand, manage and act upon health information can be positively influenced by nurses' use of HL strategies. This study examined the relationship between nurses' use of a HL checklist (intervention) and before and after patient HL scores, and the effects of frequency and types of strategies used in specialty consultations in Spain. Methods: This quasi-experimental, non-randomized study used the HLS19-Q12 to calculate HL scores for 149 patients. Calculations were performed both before and after a nursing intervention that consisted of using a HL checklist. Paired samples t-test assessed the difference between patient HL scores pre- and post-nurse intervention. Frequency analysis and Pearson correlation where used to examine frequencies of nursing HL strategies used and associations with HL scores. Results: The mean difference between the HLS19-Q12 scores before and after intervention was − 9.94, with a standard deviation of 11.50. There was a statistically significant effect of the intervention on HL score (t = -10.00, p < 0.001). No participant had HL classified as 'inadequate' after the nursing intervention. Verbal teach back method was the most frequent strategy used by nurses, and the use of a computer image was the most frequent visual aid. Conclusions: The use of a standardized HL intervention by nurses was shown to have a positive effect on patient general HL scores in specialty consultations in Spain. These results not only suggest that the use of a HL checklist can be an effective HL tool, but also reinforce the potential of nurses to make a positive impact on both individual and population health. Overall, these findings provide data that can be used by health systems, hospitals management, and nurse education programs to adopt strategies to improve patient HL and health outcomes, while potentially lowering costs and ineffective resource utilization related to inadequate HL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Mechanics" and "Fluids" are familiar concepts for any newly-registered engineering student. However, when combined into the term "Fluid Mechanics", students are thrust into the great unknown. The present article demonstrates the process of adaptation employed by the Fluid Mechanics course in the undergraduate engineering program, along with the teaching methodology, teaching materials and results obtained, evaluating the final objective in terms of student satisfaction and level of learning.

In the last two decades, Spain's Canary Islands have received thousands of undocumented migrants arriving by boat from the coasts of North and West Africa. The sharp increase of unaccompanied minors has presented a particular challenge, as these minors fall under the State's protection system and are entitled to an education and other rights, once in Spain. What economic and socio-cultural factors push these youth to seek a better life whilst endangering their own? What educational opportunities are available to them in Spain and how can these propel them into secure living situations? What can be said about their integration prospects? This ethnographic study, based on field research carried out in a reception centre for unaccompanied minors in Tenerife, focuses on the youth's migration trajectories, and on the extent to which the education and support they receive in Spain relates to their socio-economic integration into European society and beyond. The findings reveal that although the centre provides the youth with a window of opportunity to be in Spain and gain an education, the ambiguousness of their legal situation brought about by immigration policies once they have left the centre, is not conducive to their leading a stable and productive life in the current context.

Objective: To explore the association between violence and suicidal behavior in female university students. Method: A convenience sample of 540 female students enrolled in the Nursing and Teacher Training Faculties at the University of Valencia was selected. Violence by partners, nonpartners, and both was compared with suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts. An adjusted logistic regression and the Wald Test were performed to explore whether the effect on student's suicidal behavior differed if a partner or others committed violence. Results: 18.1% reported suicidal thoughts in the last month and 2.4% had attempted suicide in the past five years. Suicidal behavior was significantly higher in abused than in nonabused students, although the magnitude was higher when committed by a nonpartner. Conclusions: All forms of violence are strongly associated with suicidal behavior. Understanding the relationship between violence and suicidal thoughts and attempts is a priority for reducing suicide behavior in young women.

This study looks into the effect of L2 learning context and different types of L2 exposure on changes in the use of communication strategies (CS). Previous findings on the possible effects of study abroad (SA) experiences on the development of CS do not allow for a clear conclusion on the issue. The present study specifically compares the effects on 65 Spanish undergraduate students with English as an L2 of either four months of SA experience or of AH courses, incorporating an analysis of the type of L2 contact participants engaged in, such as their relationships and leisure activities. This possible effect is measured in terms of development of CS effectiveness over a four-month period. The results suggest that engaging in non-language-oriented organised leisure activities may benefit L2 learners in developing effective CS use, with implications for language teaching and learning in both contexts.

Background: Neonatal surgical pathology presents highly technical complexity and few opportunities for training. Many of the neonatal surgical entities are not replicable in animal models. Realistic 3D models are a cost-effective and efficient alternative for training new generations of pediatric surgeons. Methods: We conceptualized, designed, and produced an anatomically realistic model for the open correction of jejunoileal atresia. We validated it with two groups of participants (experts and non-experts) through face, construct, and content validity questionnaires. Results: The model was validated by eleven experts and nine non-experts. The mean procedure time for the experts and non-experts groups was 41 and 42 min, respectively. Six non-experts and one expert did not complete the procedure by the designed time (45 min) (p = 0.02). The mean score of face validity was 3.1 out of 4. Regarding construct validity, we found statistically significant differences between groups for the correct calculation of the section length of the antimesenteric border (Nixon's technique) (p < 0.01). Concerning content validity, the mean score was 3.3 out of 4 in the experts group and 3.4 out of 4 in the non-experts group. Conclusions: The present model is a realistic and low-cost valid option for training for open correction of jejunoileal atresia. Before drawing definitive conclusions, future studies with larger sample sizes and blinded validators are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have shown that patients with autoimmune disease present a hypoactive hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, but the results are controversial. Our objective was to study differences in stress response axis activity between patients with autoimmune disease and healthy people. The study sample consisted of 97 women divided into four groups: 37 healthy women (HW), 21 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 21 with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and 18 with systemic sclerosis (SSc). After being exposed to a stress task, participants' skin conductance and salivary cortisol levels were measured in order to assess their response to psychological stress. Diurnal cortisol concentrations were assessed by measuring salivary cortisol in samples collected five times over one day. In addition, self‐administered questionnaires were used to assess psychological variables. A time × group interaction effect was found (p = 0.003) in salivary cortisol secretion in response to stressful challenge. The healthy group presented normal activation, the SS and SLE groups showed no activation, and the SSc group presented a similar activation pattern to the HW group, except at the time of recovery. Total cortisol production (AUCg) was higher in the SSc group than in the HW group (p = 0.001). Differences were also observed in the cortisol AUCg collected over one day between healthy women and patients with SLE (p = 0.004) as well as with SSc (p = 0.001): women with SLE and SSc presented higher total hormone production than healthy women. Patients with autoimmune disease present a different HPA axis response, which may contribute to the harmful effects of stress in these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Our aim was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with multidrug resistance (MDR; confirmed resistance to three or more [or resistance to two or more plus contraindication to one or more] core ART classes) and limited treatment options (LTOs) in Spain. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective, multicentre, cross‐sectional chart review study undertaken in five reference Spanish centres. Participants were people with HIV on ART with MDR and LTOs (detectable viral load [HIV‐RNA >200 copies/mL], treatment‐limiting drug–drug interaction [DDI], or intolerance precluding the use of one or more ART classes). Prevalence, demographic/clinical characteristics, and treatment options were assessed. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify MDR‐associated variables. Results: Of 14 955 screened people with HIV, 69 (0.46%) presented with MDR and 23 (0.15%) had LTOs. The population analysed was 73.9% male with a median age of 54.0 years; the median time since HIV diagnosis was 26.5 years, and median CD4+ cell count was 511.0 cells/μL. The only factor significantly associated with MDR (univariate analysis) was CD4+ cell count. Injection drug use was the most common transmission route. Comorbidities (mainly endocrine and cardiovascular disorders; 34.8% affecting HIV management) and concomitant treatments were frequent. No recent opportunistic infections were reported. Patients had been exposed to the following ART: nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (100%), protease inhibitors (95.6%), non‐nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (87.0%), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (82.6%). The available fully active drugs were dolutegravir (39.1%), bictegravir (30.4%), and raltegravir (21.7%). Conclusions: The prevalence of people with HIV with MDR and LTOs in Spain is very low, with approximately half of those studied not exhibiting virological suppression. Low CD4+ cell counts were associated with MDR. These findings may help address the impact and treatment needs of these patients and prevent clinical progression and transmission of MDR HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While ultraviolet radiation (UVR) present in sunlight is recognized as the main etiological agent of skin cancer, the most frequent form of which is basal cell carcinoma (BCC), other exposome factors like pollution, diet, and lifestyle may also contribute. This study aimed to investigate the association of BCC and exposome‐related factors in the Spanish population. Methods: BCC cases (n = 119) and controls (n = 127) with no history of skin cancer were recruited between April 2020 and August 2022 by 13 dermatologists throughout Spain in this prospective multicenter case–control study. Results: The BCC group had a higher proportion of outdoor workers, more years of UVR exposure, and a greater consumption of drugs (statins, ASA, hydrochlorothiazide, ACE inhibitors and omeprazole), P < 0.05. Avoidance of sun exposure was the most used photoprotection measure in both groups. The use of hats or caps was higher in the BCC group (P = 0.01). The solar protection factor (SPF) used 15 years previously was higher in the control group (P = 0.04). The control group had a higher daily screen time (P < 0.001), and practiced more relaxation activities (P = 0.03). Higher linolenic acid intake and lower coffee consumption were the only dietary variables associated with BCC (P < 0.05). Statistical significance for all the aforementioned variables was maintained in the multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The study found a significant association between BCC and multiple exposome‐related factors in addition to chronic sun exposure in the Spanish population. Primary prevention strategies should target specific populations, such as outdoor workers, promoting sun‐safe behaviors and stress‐reducing activities, and also adequate skin photoprotection in patients on certain medications associated with increased BCC risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The learning and development of teamwork skill is only possible if its achievement is a self-building process of the student. In turn, the teachers must become guides in the process of a learning which is not limited only to the topic of their own course, but which must be imbedded with a good dose of this skill. Promotion of teamwork is not spontaneous but very often requires the use of self-regulation within teams. The aim of the paper is to elucidate if positive or negative self-regulation of teams are useful to promote teamwork. The paper presents some experiences on the use of self-regulation of teams within active teaching strategies that involve teamwork as a critical skill in engineering education. The paper presents first the fundamentals of the learning strategy adopted, intended to develop teamwork abilities in the students. It then describes the context and challenges faced up in the case studies, as well as the essentials of the learning activities proposed. Finally, the paper discusses the student's achievement and perception. Although some influence of unbalanced teams there exists, it can be stated that positive self-regulation of teams is more easily accepted by teams than the negative ones, because of the influence on interpersonal relationships amongst students. The topics involved in this experience are energy related topics such as electrical installations, heat transfer, engineering thermodynamics or theory of circuits.

Attaining a satisfactory level of oral communication in a second language is a laborious process. In this action research paper we describe a new method applied through the use of interactive videos and the Babelium Project Rich Internet Application (RIA), which allows students to practice speaking skills through a variety of exercises. We present an experience with a number of interactive video exercises used in a real world scenario with nearly 100 students of English as a Second Language at a Spanish university. The use of interactive videos with the Babelium application has allowed our students to record their voices and faces (using microphones and webcams) and to be weekly evaluated according to a set of defined oral evaluation criteria. Based on the results of a survey conducted at the end of the semester, we demonstrate that the students involved in this research experiment have significantly increased the number of hours devoted to speaking practice comparing to the methods used in previous years. Finally, this paper suggests new types of interactive video-based exercises to further improve the outcome of the speaking practice with the help of the Babelium Project application.

"The Explorer of the Chest" and "Golgrim's Keys" are two original, unabridged texts integrated in the Scarecrow Project. The project aims at developing ground-breaking methodologies for teaching literature and covers the A2-B2 levels of language competence, both in English and Spanish. The project is based on an integrated use of the Internet (introducing webquests, among other resources), and literature to acquire communicative skills, and it could be easily adapted to the shifting needs of the classroom in Primary, Secondary and University education. It also features original music and artwork, and a great number of exercises for evaluation in different subject areas, as well as for the preparation of official language exams.

Nowadays, almost all curricula in the social sciences contain at least one course in statistics, given the importance of this discipline as a basic knowledge to understand the modern world. It's necessary reflects on the student's attitude to statistics, because it's could be an obstacle or an advantage in their learning process. To measure the student's attitude and incentives about statistics, we use a test (Bayot et al., 2005), related to other ones which exists in the specialized literature, that identifies the latent factors relating to students' motivation and attitude towards statistics. This paper describes the formal and metric characteristics of the non-parametric model of item response theory for the latent factors using an extension of Mokken scales analysis.

Summary: Background: Suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid occurs in 40% of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients, affecting survival. Achieving a deep response (normalisation of alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and bilirubin ≤0.6 upper limit of normal) improves survival. Yet, the long‐term effectiveness of second‐line treatments remains uncertain. Aims: To evaluate the long‐term effectiveness of obeticholic acid (OCA) ± fibrates. Focusing on biochemical response (ALP ≤1.67 times the upper limit of normal, with a decrease of at least 15% from baseline and normal bilirubin levels), normalisation of ALP, deep response and biochemical remission (deep response plus aminotransferase normalisation). Methods: We conducted a longitudinal, observational, multicentre study involving ursodeoxyccholic acid non‐responsive PBC patients (Paris‐II criteria) from Spain and Portugal who received OCA ± fibrates. Results: Of 255 patients, median follow‐up was 35.1 months (IQR: 20.2–53). The biochemical response in the whole cohort was 47.2%, 61.4% and 68.6% at 12, 24 and 36 months. GLOBE‐PBC and 5‐year UK‐PBC scores improved (p < 0.001). Triple therapy (ursodeoxycholic acid plus OCA plus fibrates) had significantly higher response rates than dual therapy (p = 0.001), including ALP normalisation, deep response and biochemical remission (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, triple therapy remained independently associated with biochemical response (p = 0.024), alkaline phosphatase normalisation, deep response and biochemical remission (p < 0.001). Adverse effects occurred in 41.2% of cases, leading to 18.8% discontinuing OCA. Out of 55 patients with cirrhosis, 12 developed decompensation. All with baseline portal hypertension. Conclusion: Triple therapy was superior in achieving therapeutic goals in UDCA‐nonresponsive PBC. Decompensation was linked to pre‐existing portal hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Nursing Care Continuity Report (NCCR) is a tool for evaluating the quality of nursing care during hospital admission. Aim: To explore the role of the NCCR in predicting longer length of stay (LOS) in older adults (≥65 years) admitted to a tertiary hospital and determine possible clinical differences at discharge between patients who had a short LOS (≤7 days) and a prolonged LOS (>7 days). Research Design and Setting: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including all patients with a completed NCCR admitted to the hospital between 2015 and 2019. Sociodemographic data, risk of pressure injuries, level of dependence, presence and intensity of pain, and presence and type of pressure injury were the variables registered in the NCCR. Results: A total of 41,354 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 78 years, of whom 47% were female. At admission, 21% of patients were at potential risk of developing pressure ulcers. Age, admission to the internal or respiratory medicine unit, and having at least medium risk of developing pressure ulcers were the predictors of prolonged LOS using a random sample of 950 patients. At discharge, patients with prolonged LOS presented higher risk of pressure ulcers and a higher level of dependency and were more likely to present hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers. Conclusions: Older adults from the internal or respiratory medicine unit who exhibited higher risk of pressure ulcers were related to a prolonged LOS, a higher level of dependency, and hospital‐acquired ulcers at hospital discharge. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Identifying clinical data that have a greater relationship with LOS could be a useful tool for nursing management and for the implementation of strategies to prevent adverse events during hospitalisation. No Patient or Public Contribution: No direct patient contact was made during the data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Our aims were to explore current intubation practices in Spanish ICUs to determine the incidence and risk factors of peri-intubation complications (primary outcome measure: major adverse events), the rate and factors associated with first-pass success, and their impact on mortality as well as the changes of the intubation procedure observed in the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Prospective, observational, and cohort study. SETTING: Forty-three Spanish ICU. PATIENTS: A total of 1837 critically ill adult patients undergoing tracheal intubation. The enrollment period was six months (selected by each center from April 16, 2019, to October 31, 2020). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: At least one major adverse peri-intubation event occurred in 40.4 % of the patients (973 major adverse events were registered) the most frequent being hemodynamic instability (26.5%) and severe hypoxemia (20.3%). The multivariate analysis identified seven variables independently associated with a major adverse event whereas the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) was associated with reduced odds of major adverse events. Intubation on the first attempt was achieved in 70.8% of the patients. The use of videolaryngoscopy at the first attempt was the only protective factor (odds ratio 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28–0.66; p < 0.001) for first-attempt intubation failure. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of videolaryngoscopy and NMBAs increased significantly. The occurrence of a major peri-intubation event was an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality. Cardiovascular collapse also posed a serious threat, constituting an independent predictor of death. CONCLUSIONS: A major adverse event occurred in up to 40% of the adults intubated in the ICU. Peri-intubation hemodynamic instability but not severe hypoxemia was identified as an independent predictor of death. The use of NMBAs was a protective factor for major adverse events, whereas the use of videolaringoscopy increases the first-pass success rate of intubation. Intubation practices changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this research is to characterise fresh stone and to highlight how its physical properties change as a result of natural ageing. For this purpose, naturally weathered and freshly cut samples, proceeding from the monument, were analysed. The results obtained allow us to better understand the behaviour of the material in relation to deterioration processes in view of a possible restoration or maintenance intervention. As a result of the characterisation study, two local sedimentary stones were employed for the construction of the Roman Theatre. The mineralogical observations and the petrographic study showed that the two lithotypes come from different quarry extraction sites. Finally, from the comparison between freshly cut and naturally aged samples it has been proven that as the material is altered, the predisposition to water absorption increases, due to the change in the porosity and consequently the mechanical resistance on the surface and in depth decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling up agroecology through the implementation of local (Scenario 1, S1), seasonal (S2), organic (S3), and efficiently cooked (S4) diets based on local gastronomy can play an important role in reducing the climate and energy impacts of food. The carbon and energy footprints (CF and EF) of 10 conventionally cooked traditional recipes representative of the Mediterranean diet (S0 = food from industrial and globalized agriculture, non-seasonally consumed) were estimated. The CF of the recipes was estimated to be between 0.56 and 13.4 kg CO2 eq/kg. Our results show that, depending on the drivers or scenarios (S1, S2, S3, S4) and the recipes, significant reductions in CF and EF are indeed achieved, which can be of up to 57% in CF when considering the reduction potential of these four drivers in an agroecological transition process (S5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enactment of Framework Decision 2008/947/JHA encounters numerous impediments, with Spain representing a particularly instructive case. Although transposed into Spanish legislation in December 2014, the utilisation of this instrument remains notably infrequent. This scarcity in application is, in part, due to its omission in cases of conditional release, where there is a marked preference for pre-transposition statutes in affording such benefits to EU citizens. Nonetheless, insights from the annual meeting of Penitentiary Surveillance Prosecutors herald a pivot towards a mandatory engagement with Framework Decision 2008/947/JHA. This anticipated shift portends a broader adoption of this legal mechanism in the coming years, especially concerning conditional release. This paper delves into the challenges inherent in implementing Framework Decision 2008/947/JHA, with a particular focus on the Spanish jurisdiction. Following a thorough examination of relevant data and scholarly discourse, this study proposes a suite of recommendations aimed at enhancing the utility of this legal tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of foreign language learning context (three-month study-abroad; versus "at-home" instruction) and age (10-11-year-old children versus university students) on the development of effective foreign language communication strategies (CS) in monologue production. Participants (N = 95) were all Spanish/Catalan bilingual learners of English as a foreign language. A pre-test/post-test design was adopted, with participants performing an oral narrative both before and after a "learning" period of three months spent either studying abroad in a target language context or studying the target language at home. The narratives were analysed for use of first-language (L1)-based strategies; further, a measure of CS effectiveness was developed and implemented. Results suggest that the study-abroad experience had a significant positive effect on children, who increased their use of effective CS and reduced the proportion of L1-based CS as compared to at-home children. However, the influence of learning context on adult use of effective CS and reduction in L1-based CS was not so clearly marked.

Background: Schistosomiasis is highly endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and frequently imported to Europe. Male urogenital manifestations are often neglected. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of genitourinary clinical signs and symptoms among long-term African migrants in a non-endemic European country using a serology test. Methods: We carried out a prospective, community-based cross-sectional study of adult male migrants from sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain. Schistosoma serology tests and microscopic urine examinations were carried out, and clinical data were obtained from an electronic medical record search and a structured questionnaire. Results: We included 388 adult males, mean age 43.5 years [Standard Deviation (SD) = 12.0, range: 18–76]. The median time since migration to the European Union was 17 [Interquartile range (IQR): 11–21] years. The most frequent country of origin was Senegal (N = 179, 46.1%). Of the 338, 147 (37.6%) tested positive for Schistosoma. Parasite eggs were present in the urine of only 1.3%. Nine genitourinary clinical items were significantly associated with positive Schistosoma serology results: pelvic pain (45.2%; OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.0–2.4), pain on ejaculation (14.5%; OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.0–3.5), dyspareunia (12.4%; OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.2–5.2), erectile dysfunction (9.5%; OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.3–7.6), self-reported episodes of infertility (32.1%; OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.0–2.8), haematuria (55.2%; OR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.5–3.6), dysuria (52.1%; OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.3–3.1), undiagnosed syndromic STIs (5.4%), and orchitis (20.7%; OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.0–3.1). Clinical signs tended to cluster. Conclusions: Urogenital clinical signs and symptoms are prevalent among male African long-term migrants with a positive Schistosoma serology results. Genital involvement can be frequent even among those with long periods of non-residence in their sub-Saharan African countries of origin. Further research is needed to develop diagnostic tools and validate therapeutic approaches to chronic schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence that perceived health status is relevant for older adults' wellbeing, and at the same time perceived health status can be influenced by self-perceptions of ageing. There is a lack of studies on the relationship between these variables. The aim of this study was to explore attitudes towards ageing and self-perceptions of ageing among Spanish middle-aged and older people, and to identify possible mediators in the relationship between self-perceptions of ageing on perceived health status. The sample comprised 1,124 individuals from 50 to 98 years old (mean = 64.84, standard deviation = 10.12) from the Ageing in Spain Longitudinal Study database, Pilot Survey (ELES-PS). Almost 70 per cent of the participants stated that old age begins at a specific chronological age and half of them considered that society treats older people with indifference. Self-perceptions of ageing, physical activity, cognitive functioning and age were significant predictors, and together these variables explained 15.9 per cent in the variance of perceived health status. The multiple mediation analysis revealed that self-perceptions of ageing predicted cognitive functioning (B = 0.848, p < 0.01) and physical activity (B = 2.9046, p < 0.001), and mediated the association between self-perceptions of ageing and perceived health status (B = 0.1144, standard error = 0.0147, p < 0.01). Results from this study highlight the importance of perceptions and attitudes towards ageing for older adults' health and wellbeing, thus this study contributes to a better understanding of how these variables are related. In this sense, results from this study can be useful for designing interventions for fostering wellbeing. Addressing negative self-perceptions of ageing and negative attitudes towards ageing can be particularly useful because they are associated with more pessimistic expectancies about the ageing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wound‐QoL assesses the impact of chronic wounds on patients' health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). A 17‐item and a shortened 14‐item version are available. The Wound‐QoL‐17 has been validated for multiple languages. For the Wound‐QoL‐14, psychometric properties beyond internal consistency were lacking. We aimed to validate both Wound‐QoL versions for international samples representing a broad range of European countries, including countries for which validation data had yet been pending. Patients with chronic wounds of any aetiology or location were recruited in Austria, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine. Psychometric properties were determined for both Wound‐QoL versions for the overall sample and, if feasible, country‐wise. We included 305 patients (age 68.5 years; 52.8% males). Internal consistency was high in both Wound‐QoL‐17 (Cronbach's α: 0.820–0.933) and Wound‐QoL‐14 (0.779–0.925). Test–retest reliability was moderate to good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.618–0.808). For Wound‐QoL‐17 and Wound‐QoL‐14, convergent validity analyses showed highest correlations with global HRQoL rating (r = 0.765; r = 0.751) and DLQI total score (r = 0.684; r = 0.681). Regarding clinical data, correlations were largest with odour (r = −0.371; r = −0.388) and wound size (r = 0.381; r = 0.383). Country‐wise results were similar. Both Wound‐QoL versions are valid to assess HRQoL of patients with chronic wounds. Due to its psychometric properties and brevity, the Wound‐QoL‐14 might be preferrable in clinical practice where time is rare. The availability of various language versions allows for the use of this questionnaire in international studies and in clinical practice when foreign language patients are being treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The high recombinogenic potential of HIV-1 has resulted in the generation of countless unique recombinant forms (URFs) and around 120 reported circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Here we identify through analyses of near full-length genomes (NFLG) a new HIV-1 CRF derived from subtypes B and F1. Methods: HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase (Pr-RT) sequences were obtained by RT-PCR amplification from plasma RNA. Near full-length genome sequences were obtained after amplification by RT-PCR in 5 overlapping fragments. Phylogenetic sequence analyses were performed via maximum likelihood. Mosaic structures were analyzed by boot-scanning and phylogenetic analyses of genome segments. Temporal and geographical estimations of clade emergence were performed with a Bayesian coalescent method. Results: Through phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1 Pr-RT sequences obtained by us from samples collected in Spain and downloaded from databases, we identified a BF1 recombinant cluster segregating from previously reported CRFs comprising 52 viruses, most from Brazil (n =  26), Spain (n =  11), and Italy (n =  9). The analyses of NFLG genomes of 4 viruses of the cluster, 2 from Spain and 2 from Italy, allowed to identify a new CRF, designated CRF75_BF1, which exhibits a complex mosaic structure with 20 breakpoints. All 4 patients harboring CRF75_BF1 viruses studied by us had CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte counts below 220/mm³ less than one year after diagnosis, a proportion significantly higher (p =  0.0074) than the 29% found in other patients studied in Spain by us during the same period. The origin of the clade comprising CRF75_BF1 and related viruses was estimated around 1984 in Brazil, with subsequent introduction of CRF75_BF1 in Italy around 1992, and migration from Italy to Spain around 1999. Conclusion: A new HIV-1 CRF, designated CRF75_BF1, has been identified. CRF75_BF1 is the 6th CRF of South American origin initially identified in Western Europe, reflecting the increasing relationship of South American and European HIV-1 epidemics. The finding of low CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte counts early after diagnosis in patients harboring CRF75_BF1 viruses warrants further investigation on the virulence of this variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ATRX mutations are commonly associated with alpha-thalassaemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X syndrome) with a notable variable expressivity. This X-linked disorder is characterized by intellectual disability (ID) in a higher or lesser degree, in which the alpha-thalassaemia feature is not always present. Other phenotypic manifestations like facial dimorphism, hypotonia, microcephaly, skeletal abnormalities or urogenital malformations have been frequently observed in ATR-X syndrome. Herein, we report a missense ATRX mutation (Thr1621Met) in a patient with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. Except for ID, no typical signs of ATR-X syndrome were found in the patient. These results confirm the extensive phenotypic variability associated to ATRX mutations and show the involvement of this gene in the ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although most of the students with intellectual and developmental disabilities have access to and some even have completed secondary education in Spain, there are few studies that deepen on the students' views about their educational experience. The research team consisted of university researchers and professionals from a non-governmental organisation of people with disabilities. Three questionnaires were carried out, each one addressing a sample of key agents: students, their families and educators. Qualitative and quantitative analysis presented focus on answers given by students. They positively value school climate, and admit having friends and receiving help from classmates and teachers. Some have suffered bullying, but they know whom to ask for help. Opinions about their educational experience in class are tackled. They talk about methodological approaches used by teachers to make learning accessible and meaningful. It should be highlighted that they underline approaches that let them develop their autonomy and skills for adult life. [Paper presented at the Inclusive and Supportive Education IV Conference Congresso Internacional da Pró-Inclusão (8th, Lisbon, Portugal, July 26-29, 2016).]

Satisfaction on the part of the students plays an important role when teachers, their course programmes and the general quality of educational programmes are evaluated. Knowledge of the factors that influence satisfaction with e-learning initiatives can help improve such courses. In this study, involving 1114 university students from southern Spain, the authors determined and analysed the main components influencing students' level of satisfaction with e-learning. The most relevant findings were that course design and contents, the facility for accessing and visualising information on the teaching platform and the possibility of interaction were key aspects. The research also points to the importance of the professor as a motivating figure upon whom successful completion of a course largely relies.

Introduction: The high recombinogenic potential of HIV-1 has resulted in the generation of countless unique recombinant forms (URFs) and around 120 reported circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Here we identify through analyses of near full-length genomes (NFLG) a new HIV-1 CRF derived from subtypes B and F1. Methods: HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase (Pr-RT) sequences were obtained by RT-PCR amplification from plasma RNA. Near full-length genome sequences were obtained after amplification by RT-PCR in 5 overlapping fragments. Phylogenetic sequence analyses were performed via maximum likelihood. Mosaic structures were analyzed by bootscanning and phylogenetic analyses of genome segments. Temporal and geographical estimations of clade emergence were performed with a Bayesian coalescent method. Results: Through phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1 Pr-RT sequences obtained by us from samples collected in Spain and downloaded from databases, we identified a BF1 recombinant cluster segregating from previously reported CRFs comprising 52 viruses, most from Brazil (n = 26), Spain (n = 11), and Italy (n = 9). The analyses of NFLG genomes of 4 viruses of the cluster, 2 from Spain and 2 from Italy, allowed to identify a new CRF, designated CRF75&lowbar;BF1, which exhibits a complex mosaic structure with 20 breakpoints. All 4 patients harboring CRF75&lowbar;BF1 viruses studied by us had CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte counts below 220/mm³ less than one year after diagnosis, a proportion significantly higher (p = 0.0074) than the 29% found in other patients studied in Spain by us during the same period. The origin of the clade comprising CRF75&lowbar;BF1 and related viruses was estimated around 1984 in Brazil, with subsequent introduction of CRF75&lowbar;BF1 in Italy around 1992, and migration from Italy to Spain around 1999. Conclusion: A new HIV-1 CRF, designated CRF75&lowbar;BF1, has been identified. CRF75&lowbar;BF1 is the 6th CRF of South American origin initially identified in Western Europe, reflecting the increasing relationship of South American and European HIV-1 epidemics. The finding of low CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte counts early after diagnosis in patients harboring CRF75&lowbar;BF1 viruses warrants further investigation on the virulence of this variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare professionals were especially vulnerable to pandemic, both to become infected and to develop a psychological problem. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the effectiveness of psychological interventions for healthcare professionals in reducing the experienced psychological impact. From the 405 identified studies, 10 were included in this review. Four databases were searched and the risk of bias of included studies was assessed. The studies considered were randomized controlled trials. The screening and selection process was conducted by two independent reviewers. All studies presented results related with depression, anxiety, and stress during pandemic. Six were delivered using new technologies. The most effective were two psychological interventions with frequent contact and feedback provided by a mental health professional. The psychological interventions compared with non‐intervention groups presented more significant results than those compared with another intervention. The highlights of this systematic review were the urgency of designing effectiveness psychological interventions for healthcare professionals to reduce the emotional burden associate with this job. These interventions should be maintained over the time, supported by a professional and provided from the workplace. These proposals presented promising results but were more psychological resources than psychological interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI, NNRTI), protease inhibitors (PI), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) in Spain during the period 2019–2021, as well as to evaluate transmitted clinically relevant resistance (TCRR) to antiretroviral drugs. Reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (Pro), and Integrase (IN) sequences from 1824 PLWH (people living with HIV) were studied. To evaluate TDR we investigated the prevalence of surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRM). To evaluate TCRR (any resistance level ≥ 3), and for HIV subtyping we used the Stanford v.9.4.1 HIVDB Algorithm and an in‐depth phylogenetic analysis. The prevalence of NRTI SDRMs was 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8%–4.6%), 6.1% (95% CI, 5.0%–7.3%) for NNRTI, 0.9% (95% CI, 0.5%–1.4%) for PI, and 0.2% (95% CI, 0.0%–0.9%) for INSTI. The prevalence of TCRR to NRTI was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.5%–2.9%), 11.8% for NNRTI, (95% CI, 10.3%–13.5%), 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1%–0.6%) for PI, and 2.5% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.1%) for INSTI. Most of the patients were infected by subtype B (79.8%), while the majority of non‐Bs were CRF02_AG (n = 109, 6%). The prevalence of INSTI and PI resistance in Spain during the period 2019–2021 is low, while NRTI resistance is moderate, and NNRTI resistance is the highest. Our results support the use of integrase inhibitors as first‐line treatment in Spain. Our findings highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance of TDR to antiretroviral drugs in PLWH particularly with regard to first‐line antiretroviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Teriflunomide is a once-daily oral immunomodulator approved for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) or relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS; depending on the local label), based on extensive evidence from clinical trials and a real-world setting on efficacy, tolerability and patient-reported benefits. The TERICARE study assessed the impact of teriflunomide treatment over 2 years on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and some of the most common and disabling symptoms of MS, such as fatigue and depression. Methods: This prospective observational study in Spain included RRMS patients treated with teriflunomide for ≤ 4 weeks. The following patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were collected at baseline and every 6 months for 2 years: the 29-item Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale version 2 (MSIS-29), the 21-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-21), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Short Form (SF)-Qualiveen and the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication v1.4 (TSQM). Annualised relapse rate (ARR), disability progression according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and no evidence of disease activity (NEDA-3) were also assessed. Results: A total of 325 patients were analysed. Patients had a mean (SD) age of 43.2 years (10.4), a mean baseline EDSS score of 1.75 (1.5), a mean number of relapses in the past 2 years of 1.5 (0.7), and 64% had received prior disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Patients showed significant improvements in the psychological domain of MSIS-29 from 35.9 (26.6) at baseline to 29.4 (25.5) at 18 months (p = 0.004) and 29.0 (24.6) at 24 months (p = 0.002). Levels of fatigue and depression were also reduced. After 2 years of treatment with teriflunomide, ARR was reduced to 0.17 (95% CI 0.14–0.21) from the baseline of 0.42 (95% CI 0.38–0.48), representing a 60.1% reduction. Mean EDSS scores remained stable during the study, and 79.9% of patients showed no disability progression. 54.7% of patients achieved NEDA-3 in the first 12 months, which increased to 61.4% during months 12–24. Patients reported increased satisfaction with treatment over the course of the study, regardless of whether they were DMT naive or not. Conclusion: Teriflunomide improves psychological aspects of HRQoL and maintains low levels of fatigue and depression. Treatment with teriflunomide over 2 years is effective in reducing ARR and disability progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The influence of bullying on physical activity beyond school time is uncertain, as it can vary widely in terms of type, modality, duration, adult supervision, and objectives. Methods: This study aims to analyze the relationship between school bullying and the type of physical activity practised. To this end, a descriptive study was made of 2025 pre- and adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years, reporting on their participation in victimisation and perpetration. The EBIPQ and PAQ-A were used. An analysis of the relationships between these variables was carried out according to gender and type of activity practised. Results: The results showed a higher rate of victimisation in boys who did not practise physical activity. Meanwhile, perpetration was higher in those who practised organised physical activity, especially in boys. Depending on the type of physical activity, the higher levels of both victimisation and perpetration of those who practised wrestling activities stand out in comparison with other groups. Conclusions: It could be stated that physical activity may be a protective factor against bullying victimisation, especially in boys. However, participation in organised physical activity activities may be related to higher perpetration in this sample in adolescent boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are first-line drugs for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The introduction of new lines of therapy with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has led to a decreased use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Comparative analyses of DOACs in clinical trials are scarce and the comparator has mostly been warfarin. Their impact on health outcomes in observational studies has not always been consistent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of DOACs and VKAs in patients with AF using Real-World Data (RWD). Methods and analysis: Population-based retrospective cohort study using RWD from actual practice. Period: January 2012-December 2020. Inclusion criteria: patients with AF who had not taken OACs in the previous 12 months. Exclusion criteria: <40 years, with severe mitral stenosis, or valvular heart disease or aortic and/or mitral valve procedures. Data source: The Andalusian Population Health Database, Spain. Outcome measures: a) Effectiveness: ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, systemic and pulmonary embolism, and death; b) Safety: gastrointestinal and intracranial haemorrhaging; Independent variables: age, sex, comorbidities, medication and health resource use, CHA2DS2-VASC, HAS-BLED, and analytical tests. Statistical analysis: crude incidence analysis, survival models, Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression analysis adjusted for possible confounding and paired analysis by propensity score matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The influence of different exposome factors on squamous cell carcinoma has been studied in several articles, although generally including a limited number of factors, especially chronic sun exposure. We carried out a prospective multicenter case–control study of patients with a history of squamous cell carcinoma and a control group with no previous history of skin cancer, in which we compared most of the exposome variables, including sun exposure, photoprotection habits, diet, pollution, stress, and lifestyle. We found a significant association between squamous cell carcinoma and multiple exposome-related factors besides chronic sun exposure in the Spanish population. A better understanding of the actual impact of exposome in this condition could help design primary prevention strategies targeted at specific populations or risk behaviors. Introduction: The concept of exposome refers to the total of harmful and beneficial environmental exposures that can help predict the organism's biological responses over time. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sun exposure has been recognized as the main etiological agent of skin cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one most commonly associated with chronic exposure. However, in recent years, evidence suggests that lifestyle, environmental pollution, and contaminants in water and food can have an influence. Objectives: To study the relationship between SCC and sun exposure, pollution, stress, and lifestyle in a Spanish cohort. Materials and Method: A multicenter case–control study was carried out in which 13 dermatologists from different regions of Spain recruited cases and controls between April 2020 and August 2022. The group of cases were patients diagnosed with SCC and, as a control group, people who attended Dermatology consultations as companions with no history of skin cancer. Results: A total of 62 patients with SCC and 126 controls were included (62.9% males, median age 76.46 (10.1) and 33.3%, median age 55.7 (15), respectively). The SCC group had experienced more outside work than the controls (75% vs. 22.4%, p < 0.001), less recreational exposure (sunbathing, p = 0.05, and outdoor sports, p = 0.01), and a lower annual income (p = 0.01), with an increase in tobacco exposure (p < 0.001), without differences in other carcinogens, such as ionizing radiation or chemical exposure. The control group had a higher daily screentime use (p < 0.001) and practiced more relaxation activities (p = 0.03). A higher linolenic acid intake and lower coffee consumption were the only dietary variables associated with SCC (p < 0.05). Some chronic medications (anxiolytics, antidepressants, beta-blockers, statins, hydrochlorothiazide, ACE inhibitors, metformin, and omeprazole) were also statistically associated with SCC. Statistical significance for all aforementioned variables was maintained in the multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The study found a significant association between SCC and multiple exposome-related factors in addition to chronic sun exposure in the Spanish population. Primary prevention strategies should target specific populations, such as outdoor workers promoting sun-safe behaviors and stress-reducing activities, in addition to adequate skin photoprotection in patients under certain medications associated with SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To analyse the use of psychoactive substances and the risk perceptions amongst odontology and medical students. To study their perceptions, attitudes and knowledge, and to evaluate their motivation when helping their patients to stop using these substances. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted amongst 962 students in Spain, using validated questionnaires on an anonymous basis. Results: Amongst these students, drug use varies and increases with age as assessed by the DAST and CAST tests, with more problematic use being observed as the academic cycle progresses (p <.001). Participants in the 2nd cycle presented higher consumption than those in the 1st cycle, in the univariate model (OR = 1.77, IC 95% 1.27–2.48, p =.001) and in the adjusted model (OR = 1.86, IC 95% 1.32–2.62, p <.001). Regarding CAST, non‐problematic use in the 1st cycle versus the 3rd cycle presented an OR = 8.69 (IC 95% 4.50–16.78, p <.001) and for low risk use it presented an OR = 15.18 (IC 95% 1.83–14.68). Only 46.7% considered using marijuana on a regular basis as a high risk, whilst 60.5% stated that smoking a pack of cigarettes represents a high risk. Alcohol was the substance for which the risk perception was lowest. 66.2% are in the maintenance stage "I provide my regular drug‐using patients help to give up," with women being more likely to be in this stage (p =.012). Conclusions: High risk of drug use increases after the 1st cycle in Dentistry and in Medicine. Training programmes should be implemented in both degrees, focusing on the 1st years in order to simultaneously prevent drug use amongst students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research in music education tends to put the emphasis on learning processes outside formal academic contexts, both to rethink and to renew academic educational formats. Our aim is to observe and describe three music learning cultures simultaneously, including formal, non-formal and informal settings: Classical, Jazz and Flamenco, respectively. We observed the conceptions of learning, teaching and evaluation within the framework of implicit theories. We used multiple-choice questionnaires to infer the profiles of these conceptions in 30 guitarists who are starting out on their professional careers in the three cultures and analysed whether there are related profiles. The results show that: (a) the Flamenco culture differs significantly from the others in the conception of teaching; (b) the three cultures are most alike in the conception of evaluation, for which conceptions are more sophisticated; (c) the classical culture is closer to constructive conceptions and farther from direct positions, while the opposite is true of Flamenco.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of a school-based intervention to promote physical activity, utilising the postulates of the trans-contextual model of motivation. The study examined two separate classes of elementary school students (mean age 11.28?years), one of which served as the control group (n?=?26) and the other as the experimental group (n?=?21). The intervention in the experimental group consisted of showing videos related to physical activity participation, conducting discussions and doing tasks related to the content presented in the videos and conducting family discussions. Autonomy support from teachers, peers and parents; motivation in physical education and leisure time physical activity; the different variables of theory of planned behaviour; and physical activity, were measured before and after the intervention. Results showed an increase in teacher autonomy support, identified regulation in physical education, autonomy support from parents and peers, integrated and identified regulation in leisure time physical activity, control, subjective norm, intention and physical activity in the experimental group. Furthermore, this increase resulted in post-intervention differences across groups in such variables. Results are discussed in relation to the important role of families in the promotion of physical activity participation.

The gill monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863) Mamaev, 1984 is a specific and common parasite of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758, able to cause disease and mortality in aquaculture systems. Few molecular studies have been carried out on this monogenean, and its population structure and genetic diversity are barely known. This study provides the first contribution to the population genetic variation of S. chrysophrii, based on two molecular markers - the structural ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for the large subunit (28S) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Samples were collected from the gills of farmed and wild S. aurata from Italy and the Spanish Mediterranean. The analysis included previously published sequences. The 28S rDNA analysis was consistent with previous studies of specimens isolated from S. aurata and confirmed the presence of only one species on the gills of this host in the Mediterranean Sea. The COI sequences analysis suggested that the samples isolated in a previous study from a different host species, wild Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Adriatic Sea, may represent a new undescribed sister species of S. chrysophrii. The low nucleotide diversity of S. chrysophrii isolated only from S. aurata versus the high haplotype diversity revealed small differences between haplotypes. The haplotypes shared between wild and farmed hosts from Spain provided the first molecular evidence of the possible transfer of S. chrysophrii between wild and farmed populations of S. aurata. The mtDNA COI analysis did not show a clear genetic structure, probably the result of several factors including coevolution, wild and farmed host interactions, and host population structure in space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The cognitive safety of monoclonal antibody proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) has been established in clinical trials, but not yet in real-world observational studies. We assessed the cognitive function in patients initiating PCSK9i, and differences in cognitive function domains, to analyze subgroups by the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) achieved, and differences between alirocumab and evolocumab. Methods: This has a multicenter, quasi-experimental design carried out in 12 Spanish hospitals from May 2020 to February 2023. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results: Among 158 patients followed for a median of 99 weeks, 52% were taking evolocumab and 48% alirocumab; the mean change from baseline in MoCA score at follow-up was + 0.28 [95% CI (− 0.17 to 0.73; p = 0.216)]. There were no significant differences in the secondary endpoints—the visuospatial/executive domain + 0.04 (p = 0.651), naming domain − 0.01 (p = 0.671), attention/memory domain + 0.01 (p = 0.945); language domain − 0.10 (p = 0.145), abstraction domain + 0.03 (p = 0.624), and orientation domain − 0.05 (p = 0.224)—but for delayed recall memory the mean change was statistically significant (improvement) + 0.44 (p = 0.001). Neither were there any differences in the three stratified subgroups according to lowest attained LDL-C level—0–54 mg/dL, 55–69 mg/dL and ≥ 70 mg/dL; p = 0.454—or between alirocumab and evolocumab arms. Conclusion: We did not find effect of monoclonal antibody PCSK9i on neurocognitive function over 24 months of treatment, either in global MoCA score or different cognitive domains. An improvement in delayed recall memory was shown. The study showed no differences in the cognitive function between the prespecified subgroups, even among patients who achieved very low levels of LDL-C. There were no differences between alirocumab and evolocumab. Registration: ClinicalTtrials.gov Identifier number NCT04319081. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article is a systematic review of the Spanish scientific production in social work hosted in the Web of Science. Findings: The article analyzes the current state of social work research in Spain. Since the creation of the European Higher Education Area, Spanish social work has had to meet university research requirements, including the publication of papers in journals indexed in the world's leading databases. Spanish scientific production is analyzed from its beginnings until 2020. The main findings were that most of such research that was published by Spanish social work academic was in Spanish, while other categories of authors, such as nonsocial work Spanish academic, publish more in English. Spanish-language journals were mostly indexed in Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), while those in English were in Journal Citation Reports (JCR) or Scopus, consistently receiving few citations. Women as main authors exceeded men in percentages of indexed articles. Bibliometric quality measures constructed with Scopus were slightly better than those with JCR. The most developed topics in the area were general and transversal issues such as immigration, social services, social intervention, and social policies. Applications: The study demonstrates to Spanish social work researchers that they have greater likelihood of obtaining better quality indexes if they publish in English in JCR- and Scopus-indexed journals, resulting in enhanced academic career visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]