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Vitamin D (VitD) may modulate anti-HIV-1 responses modifying the risk to acquire the HIV-1-infection. We performed a nested case-control exploratory study involving 413 individuals; HIV-1-exposed seropositives (cases) and seronegatives (HESN) (controls) from three cohorts: sexually-exposed from Colombia and Italy and parenterally-exposed from Spain. The association and interactions of 139 variants in 9 VitD pathway genes, and in 14 antiviral genes with resistance/susceptibility (R/S) to HIV-1 infection was evaluated. Associations between variants and mRNA levels were also analyzed in the Colombian samples. Variants and haplotypes in genes of VitD and antiviral pathways were associated with R/S, but specific associations were not reproduced in all cohorts. Allelic heterogeneity could explain such inconsistency since the associations found in all cohorts were consistently in the same genes: VDR and RXRA of the VitD pathway genes and in TLR2 and RNASE4. Remarkably, the multi-locus genotypes (interacting variants) observed in genes of VitD and antiviral pathways were present in most HESNs of all cohorts. Finally, HESNs carrying resistance-associated variants had higher levels of VitD in plasma, of VDR mRNA in blood cells, and of ELAFIN and defensins mRNA in the oral mucosa. In conclusion, despite allelic heterogeneity, most likely due to differences in the genetic history of the populations, the associations were locus dependent suggesting that genes of the VitD pathway might act in concert with antiviral genes modulating the resistance phenotype of the HESNs. Although these associations were significant after permutation test, only haplotype results remained statistically significant after Bonferroni test, requiring further replications in larger cohorts and functional analyzes to validate these conclusions., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

IFI16 encodes a nucleic acid-sensor which detects latent EBV and triggers inflammasome activation. We analysed IFI16 variants in two multiple sclerosis (MS) case-control cohorts from Italy and Spain; results were combined with a previous study. A risk variant for celiac disease/rheumatoid arthritis, a polymorphic exon 7 duplication, and a copy number variant (CNV) in the 5' region were genotyped. No significant association was detected, although heterogeneity was noted for the 5' CNV in the Italian plus GeneMSA cohorts and the Spanish sample. Thus, IFI16 variants do not contribute to MS susceptibility, although some heterogeneity may exist for the 5' CNV., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Haplotype-specific alternative splicing of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidase type 2 (ERAP2) gene results in either full-length (FL, haplotype A) or alternatively spliced (AS, haplotype B) mRNA. As ERAP2 trims peptides loaded on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and CD8 T lymphocytes protect against viral infections, we analysed its role in resistance to HIV-1 infection., Methods: ERAP2 polymorphisms were genotyped using a TaqMan probe, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of class-I HLAB locus was performed by single specific primers-polymerase chain reaction method. To verify whether ERAP2 genotype influences susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro we performed HIV-1 infection assay. We evaluated antigen presentation pathway with PCR array and the viral antigen p24 with ELISA., Results: Genotype analysis in 104 HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) exposed to HIV through IDU-HESN and 130 controls from Spain indicated that hapA protects from HIV infection. Meta-analysis with an Italian cohort of sexually exposed HESN yielded a P value of 7.6 × 10. HLAB typing indicated that the HLA-B*57 allele is significantly more common than expected among HESN homozygous for haplotype A (homoA). Data obtained in a cohort of 139 healthy Italian controls showed that following in-vitro HIV-1 infection the expression of ERAP2-FL and a number of genes involved in antigen presentation as well as of MHC class I on the surface of CD45 cells was significantly increased in homoA cells; notably, homoA peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but not isolated CD4 cells, were less susceptible to HIV-1 infection., Conclusion: ERAP2 hapA is correlated with resistance to HIV-1 infection, possibly secondarily to its effect on antigen processing and presentation.

TLR3 recognizes dsRNA and activates antiviral immune responses through the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs. Genetic association studies have provided evidence concerning the role of a polymorphism in TLR3 (rs3775291, Leu412Phe) in viral infection susceptibility. We genotyped rs3775291 in a population of Spanish HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals who remain HIV seronegative despite repeated exposure through i.v. injection drug use (IDU-HESN individuals) as witnessed by their hepatitis C virus seropositivity. The frequency of individuals carrying at least one 412Phe allele was significantly higher in IDU-HESN individuals compared with that of a matched control sample (odds ratio for a dominant model = 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-3.34; p = 0.023). To replicate this finding, we analyzed a cohort of Italian, sexually HESN individuals. Similar results were obtained: the frequency of individuals carrying at least one 412Phe allele was significantly higher compared with that of a matched control sample (odds ratio, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.08; p = 0.029). In vitro infection assays showed that in PBMCs carrying the 412Phe allele, HIV-1(Ba-L) replication was significantly reduced (p = 0.025) compared with that of Leu/Leu homozygous samples and was associated with a higher expression of factors suggestive of a state of immune activation (IL-6, CCL3, CD69). Similarly, stimulation of PBMCs with a TLR3 agonist indicated that the presence of the 412Phe allele results in a significantly increased expression of CD69 and higher production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and CCL3. The data of this study indicate that a common TLR3 allele confers immunologically mediated protection from HIV-1 and suggest the potential use of TLR3 triggering in HIV-1 immunotherapy.