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Background: The proportion of smokers and the number of cigarettes consumed per person-year in Madrid is above the European average. To evaluate the impact of smoking in public health smoking attributable mortality was estimated for 1998 and for changes since 1992. Methods: The number of smoking attributable deaths and years of potential life lost attributable to cigarette smoking for 1992 and 1998 by gender and age group were estimated, based on the population attributable fraction. The relative risks of the Cancer Prevention Study II were used. To compare the two periods of study, a Poisson regression analysis adjusted by age was applied. Results: In 1998, 15.9% of total mortality in the population older than 34 years was attributable to smoking. Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the main causes of death in both genders. In the period studied, 1992-1998, the adjusted rates diminished in men in both age groups, while in women they increased in the age group 35 to 64 years. The mortality from lung cancer remained stable in men, increasing in women by 12%. The years of potential life lost decreased by 14% in men and increased by 42% in women. Conclusions: One in four deaths in men and one in 36 deaths in women are attributed to cigarette smoking. The smoking attributable mortality in males has tended to stabilize, while in women premature mortality is increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a novel mathematical model to describe the spread of an infectious disease in the presence of social and health events: it uses 15 compartments, 7 convolution integrals and 4 types of infected individuals, asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe. A unique feature of this work is that the convolutions and the compartments have been selected to maximize the number of independent input parameters, leading to a 56-parameter model where only one had to evolve over time. The results show that 1) the proposed mathematical model is flexible and robust enough to describe the complex dynamic of the pandemic during the first three waves of the COVID-19 spread in the region of Madrid (Spain) and 2) the proposed model allows us to calculate the number of asymptomatic individuals and the number of persons who presented antibodies during the first waves. The study shows that the following results are compatible with the reported data: close to 28% of the infected individuals were asymptomatic during the three waves, close to 29% of asymptomatic individuals were detected during the subsequent waves and close to 26% of the Madrid population had antibodies at the end of the third wave. This calculated number of persons with antibodies is in great agreement with four direct measurements obtained from an independent sero-epidemiological research. In addition, six calculated curves (total number of confirmed cases, asymptomatic who are confirmed as positive, hospital admissions and discharges and intensive care units admissions) show good agreement with data from an epidemiological surveillance database., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2022 Benavides et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Objective: To quantify the effect of the inclusion of the population in collective dwellings on the estimation of mortality risk in the census areas of the Basque Country (Spain) for the main causes of mortality in the period 1996-2003., Method: Small-area ecological cross-sectional study. The main causes of mortality by sex were analyzed., Results: When the general effect on all areas with a a population in collective dwellings was analyzed, hardly any noticeable effect was seen on either men or women. On the other hand, an effect was found when selecting the areas where the population in collective dwellings is more than 10% of the area's population., Conclusions: The effect of the inclusion of the population in collective dwellings clearly seen in causes of mortality, such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease, and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, related to greater dependence or frailty, and therefore related to being in a nursing or elderly persons' home, over-estimating the risk of mortality by approximately 8% and 4%, respectively, in these geographical areas., (Copyright © 2019 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: [corrected] In order to ascertain the food intake and nutritional situation of the children of the Community of Madrid, on which no updated information was available, the Institute of Public Health conducted the 2001/2001 Children's Nutrition Survey of the Community of Madrid (CNSCM). This study offers an analysis of the CNSCM that describes and evaluates the food, energy and nutrient intake of this segment of the population., Methods: Cross-sectional survey on a representative sample of children aged 5-12 years from the Community of Madrid. Diet-related information was collected in 2001 and 2002 by means of two 24-hour recalls. Total daily food, energy and nutrient intake were studied. The analysis included only the 1852 children who had completed both 24-h recalls (90.8% of all interviews)., Results: The average daily food intake is 1460.7 grams/person/day. Except for dairy products, eggs and oils, intake from the basic food groups is inadequate, and is particularly low for fresh fruits, green leafy vegetables and garden vegetables in general. The resulting average energy and nutrition intake is 1905.9 kcal/person/day; 43.6% carbohydrates, 17.4% proteins, 39.0% fats (13.3% saturated fats, 16.8% monosaturated fats, 5.0% polyunsaturated fats); 363.8 mg cholegterol, 13.6 g of fiber and lower than recommended intakes of zinc, folic acid, vitamins D and E (both sexes) and iron and vitamin B6 (girls)., Conclusions: The diet of the children of the Community of Madrid shows a number of imbalances that should be improved: inadequate intake from basic food groups; excess of proteins, saturated fats and cholesterol; and a deficit of carbohydrates, fiber and certain micronutrients.