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Science does not occupy a prominent place on Spanish television, possibly due to those in charge of the creation, production, organization, and programming of content. Previous research has shown that television executives have mental images of their audiences that they actively use in their professional practice. This study adopts a mixed, qualitative-quantitative method to determine the beliefs of Spanish television executives regarding the attitudes of their audiences toward scientific programs and content. The study began with two focus groups, each made up of five professionals, to identify a wide range of attitudes. A Likert-scale questionnaire was then applied to examine the level of agreement with those attitudes among 450 employees of different types of private and public networks from six different regions of Spain. The main findings are that Spanish television managers do not believe that their viewers enjoy scientific topics or have any interest in them. However, professionals with previous experience of the production of scientific content tend to have a slightly more positive attitude about the opinion of general audiences regarding televised science. Hence, familiarity with televised science positively impacts the appreciation of such content on television. This research highlights the fundamental role of network managers in explaining the lack of science on Spanish media. Its results are coherent with previous studies confirming that TV professionals have preconceived images about their audiences that are derived from their own preferences and that guide their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate reputation is a key intangible asset for organizations, especially in intensive-staff services, because it allows creating and sustaining competitive advantages. As managers are essential in the creation and communication of reputation, the aim of this paper is to establish a model about reputation perceived by them. Thus, Human Resources, Ethics and Costumer Loyalty, Media Reputation, Good Functioning, Respect and Credibility, and Environmental Responsibility are identified as specific dimensions that affect to the reputation perceived by managers of service companies, such as accounting audit firms that operate in Spain. This will facilitate the strategic management of reputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic literature stresses the importance of cooperation and the level of ICT use in order to get financially and commercially successful new products. However, it is doubtful whether this direct and significant relationship is also observed when: (a) the outcome measurement is strongly influenced by perceptions of managers, and (b) the product has different novelty degrees. The analysis of a sample of 330 Spanish companies that had developed new products in the past two years confirms the direct and moderating role of cooperation and the degree of ICT use in obtaining the maximum level of perceived and objective results. In addition, the novelty degree of the product affects not only the importance attached by the manager to each of the variables, but also their contribution to the maximum results — financially measured —. Finally, the findings can offer some strategic recommendations of great interest given the current situation of the economic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a strategic issue of great importance to business management nowadays, and top managers play a major role in the design and implementation of CSR policies. Given the significance of perception as a determinant of behavior, the way managers perceive the role of CSR constitutes an interesting research topic, and we carried out an empirical analysis on a sample of 324 Spanish top managers to shed some light on it. The results showed the existence of two different groups of managers depending on the preeminence given to CSR. Although some characteristics of the companies were found to be different between the managers of both groups, the individual features studied did not differ significantly. In general, managers highly valued CSR, which let us expect an increasing of its presence in the strategic decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to take an in-depth look at the differences in learning based on the nature of the process, analysing the influence of CEO perceptions of personal mastery, shared vision, environment and strategic proactivity on the learning level. Design/methodology/approach -- This investigation drew up a structured questionnaire to better understand how CEOs face learning issues. A series of χ², t-tests, Harman's one-factor tests, correlations, and regression analyses were used. The hypotheses are tested using data from 239 firms located in Spain. Findings -- This investigation shows the influence of CEO perceptions of several strategic factors and capabilities (personal mastery, shared vision, environment and strategic proactivity) in single- and double-loop learning and the influence of this learning level on organizational innovation and performance. It adds theoretical and empirical arguments to the two main learning levels in the literature. Originality/value -- The research provides empirical evidence that: personal mastery and a stable environment have a positive and significant impact on the generation of single-loop learning; personal mastery, shared vision, ambiguous environment and strategic proactivity have a positive and significant influence on the generation of double-loop learning; and both learning levels affect the generation of greater organizational innovation and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]