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Introduction There are scarce studies of time series that analysed the short-term association between emergency hospital admissions due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and environmental factors. The objective is to analyse the effect of heat waves, noise and air pollutants on urgent hospital admissions due to AD in Madrid. Methods Longitudinal ecological time series study was performed. The dependent variable was the emergency AD hospital admissions occurred in Madrid during the period 2001–2009. Independent variables were: Daily mean concentrations (μg/m3) of air pollutants (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ; O3 and NO2); maximum daily temperature (°C) and daily and night noise levels (dB(A)). Relative Risk (RR) for an increment in interquartile range, and Attributable Risk (AR) values were calculated through GLM with Poisson link. Results Our findings indicated that only PM 2.5 concentrations at lag 2 with a RR: 1.38 (95% CI: 1.15–1.65); AR 27.5% (95% CI: 13.0–39.4); and heat wave days at lag 3 with a RR: 1.30 (95% CI: 1.12–1.52); AR 23.1% (95% CI: 10.7–34.2) were associated with AD hospital admissions. Conclusion A reduction in AD patients' exposure levels to PM 2.5 and special care of such patients during heat wave periods could result in a decrease in both emergency AD admissions and the related health care costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...