Search

This study is the first attempt to explore the impact of per capita renewable energy consumption and agricultural value added on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in four selected countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN-4: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand) from 1970 to 2013. By examining the existence of the environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, our results of long-run estimates do not support the inverted U-shape EKC in the selected countries. The estimates indicate that increasing renewable energy and agriculture decreases CO 2 emissions, while non-renewable energy is positively correlated to emissions. Short-run Granger causal relationships exist from non-renewable energy to emissions and to agriculture, from economic growth to agriculture, and from agriculture to renewable energy directly. Long-run causalities indicate the existence of feedback causalities between emissions, renewable energy and non-renewable energy. Our policy implication is that developing sustainable agriculture can promote renewable energy and reduce emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]