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Objective: Despite an improvement in the prognosis of patients with hematologic malignancies, the mortality of such patients transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) is high. This study determined the predictors of mortality in a cohort of critically ill patients with hematologic malignancies admitted to the ICU. Methods: We studied 227 critically ill patients with hematologic malignancies who were admitted to the ICU between April 2009 and December 2011. A cohort of consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies was reviewed retrospectively to identify clinically useful prognostic factors. Results: The ICU mortality rate was 84.1%, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 89.9%. The ICU mortality was significantly higher in patients with acute leukemia than in those with other malignancies. A significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors was found in neutropenia and its recovery during the ICU stay, presence of cardiac dysfunction, the need for an invasive mechanical ventilator, use of inotropic/vasopressor agents, platelet count, aspartate transaminase level, pH, and Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II score. In the multivariate analysis, acute leukemia, need for invasive mechanical ventilator, use of inotropic/vasopressor agents, and Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II scores were independently associated with a worse outcome in patients with hematologic malignancies admitted to the ICU. Conclusion: Higher mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies admitted to the ICU is associated with more severe illness, as reflected by higher organ failure scores or respiratory or hemodynamic instability. Mortality is higher in patients with acute leukemia as compared with other hematologic malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]