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Korean learners of English are known to repair consonant clusters, which are not allowed in their native language, with an epenthetic vowel [close central unrounded vowel]. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether the perception-production link of such an illusory vowel in a second language (L2) is only within and not across processing levels, as proposed in a previous study regarding L2 segments. We assessed the perception and production of English onset clusters by Korean learners and native English speakers at the prelexical (AX discrimination and pseudoword read-aloud tasks) and lexical (lexical decision and picture-naming tasks) levels, using the same participants and stimuli across the tasks. Results showed that accuracy in not producing an epenthetic vowel between the two consonants of onset cluster was not significantly associated with accurate perception of the cluster either within or across processing levels. The results suggest that production and perception accuracy in L2 phonotactics are independent to a certain extent.

Objectives: To update recent information on contamination levels of mycotoxins in South Korea. Materials and Methods: A total of 208 samples sourced from the feeds of swine farms were collected. The contamination levels of mycotoxins, which are aflatoxin (Afla), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin (FUM), and T-2 toxin, were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results: The detection levels of the total samples were 78.91% for DON, 75.24% for Afla, 47.02% for ZEN, 68.31% for FUM, and 5.94% for OTA and T-2, which were not detected at all. Most of the analyzed mycotoxins showed significant high occurrences in 47.02%-78.91% of the swine feed samples. 11 of the 152 alfa-positive samples exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) of Afla proposed by the Korean regulation. In the analysis of mycotoxin detection levels by growth stage, ZEN was found in the nursery stage at a remarkably high concentration level (126.46 ± 63.76 ppb), exceeding the MRL of ZEN for piglets proposed by the European Commission. This mycotoxin was also found in the samples from the gestation barn (89.04 ± 46.05 ppb) and the farrowing house (105.58 ± 94.12) at a high concentration level. Afla was found in the nursery stage at a high concentration (8.00 ± 2.22 ppb), approaching the MRL (10 ppb) of Afla proposed by the Korean regulation. Conclusion: These results indicate that many swine farms in South Korea are still exposed to mycotoxin risk, and special attention and surveillance are necessary for these mycotoxin risks in swine farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Climate change significantly influences the geographical distribution of plant species worldwide. Selecting indicator species allows for better-informed and more effective ecosystem management in response to climate change. The Korean Peninsula is the northernmost distribution zone of warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved (WTEB) species in Northeast Asia. Considering the ecological value of these species, we evaluated the current distribution range and future suitable habitat for 13 WTEB tree species designated as climate-sensitive biological indicator species. Results: Up-to-date and accurate WTEB species distribution maps were constructed using herbarium specimens and citizen science data from the Korea Biodiversity Observation Network. Current northern limits for several species have shifted to higher latitudes compared to previous records. For example, the northern latitude limit for Stauntonia hexaphylla is higher (37° 02' N, Deokjeokdo archipelago) than that reported previously (36° 13' N). The minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) is the major factor influencing species distribution. Under future climate change scenarios, suitable habitats are predicted to expand toward higher latitudes inland and along the western coastal areas. Conclusions: Our results support the suitability of WTEB trees as significant biological indicators of species' responses to warming. The findings also suggest the need for consistent monitoring of species distribution shifts. This study provides an important baseline dataset for future monitoring and management of indicator species' responses to changing climate conditions in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: It is important to focus on the early identification of factors that promote children's self‐esteem, to foster the healthy development of children with allergic rhinitis. This study aimed to identify the effects of parents' parenting stress, self‐esteem, and parent–child interaction on the self‐esteem of children with allergic rhinitis. Methods: Structural equation modeling was used to verify the conceptual model. This study was conducted on 656 children with symptoms of allergic rhinitis and their parents who participated in the 8th Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). Data collection involved a questionnaire on parents' parenting stress, self‐esteem, parent–child interaction and self‐esteem of children. Secondary data from the PSKC were analyzed using Actor‐partner Interdependence Model. Data were analyzed using SPSS‐WIN Version 20.0 and AMOS Version 20.0. Results: In the high self‐esteem group, the father's parenting stress had a partner effect on the mother's self‐esteem, while the mother's self‐esteem affected her parent–child interaction, which in turn affected the child's self‐esteem. In the low self‐esteem group, the father's parenting stress affected the mother's self‐esteem, the father's self‐esteem had a partner effect on the mother's parent–child interaction, and the mother's self‐esteem had an indirect effect on the child's self‐esteem. Conclusions: This study was conducted to provide basic data to help understand the interactions among variables related to the self‐esteem of children with allergic rhinitis. The findings indicate that the model has utility in developing effective nursing intervention to promote self‐esteem of children with allergic rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of psychological insulin resistance, diabetes distress, and diabetes self-efficacy of patients and their spouses on insulin therapy adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A path analysis based on the actor-partner interdependence model, a couple analysis method, was used to identify the actor and partner effects of psychological insulin resistance, diabetes distress, diabetes self-efficacy on the insulin therapy adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected between February 25 and May 1, 2019, from 200 patients with type 2 diabetes and their spouses. Results: The psychological insulin resistance of the patient had an actor effect on the diabetes self-efficacy of the patient and a partner effect on the diabetes self-efficacy of the spouse, and the patient's diabetes distress had a partner effect on the diabetes self-efficacy of the spouse. The psychological insulin resistance of the spouse had an actor effect on the diabetes self-efficacy of the spouse, and the diabetes self-efficacy of the patient and spouse were found to affect the insulin therapy adherence of the patient directly. Conclusion: This study provided basic data for the development of programs that can enhance insulin therapy adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing on the perspectives of both the patient and spouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kim, D.-S.; Jeong, Y.-H.; Lee, H.-Y.; Kim, D.-H., and Hong, S.-J., 2020. Using hypothetical tsunami scenarios to analyze tsunami inundation characteristics in the coastal city of Ulsan, South Korea. In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1140–1145. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. To establish a tsunami disaster prevention plan, including prior risk assessment and damage reduction for Ulsan in South Korea, a hypothetical scenario-based tsunami inundation simulation for 12 emergency evacuation areas was designed, and the inundation characteristics of the tsunami were analyzed. A hypothetical source 01 tsunami combined with a magnitude 9.0 earthquake affected the evacuation areas most significantly, while a hypothetical source 11 tsunami with a magnitude 7.5 earthquake had a relatively minor impact on the areas. In the Ilsan area of Ulsan, the hypothetical scenarios exhibited minimum and maximum inundation depths of 0.5 m and 6 m, respectively, and a maximum inundation area of about 206 km2. The tsunami inundation characteristics of the Ulsan area analyzed in this study will be useful for establishing an emergency action plan and countermeasures for tsunami situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Lee, H.-Y.; Kim, D.-S.; Jeong, Y.-H., and Hong, S.-J., 2018. Development of a real-time storm-surge response system for decision-making support on the Korean coast. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 911–915. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. A real-time storm surge prediction system based on typhoon advisories issued by the Korea Meteorological Administration was constructed to support decision-making regarding the mitigation of storm surge disasters. This approach was tested in real time by providing storm surge prediction data during the approach of Typhoon Chaba in 2016, to support National Disaster and Safety Status Control Center decision-making in response to that system's storm surge. A 140 core-based parallel cluster was used for storm surge prediction and the entire process (from storm surge height prediction to provision of information for decision-making) lasted three hours. The root mean square errors of the maximum water surface elevation and the maximum surge height provided were 0.09–0.11 m and 0.14–0.26 m, respectively, and the relative errors were 6–9% and 34–69%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Lee, W.D.; Yoo, Y.J.; Jeong, Y.M.; Jeong, Y.H., and Hur, D.S., 2018. Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Revetments on Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 441–445. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Sea level rise due to global warming and the decline in groundwater levels due to the misuse of groundwater resources can decrease the seawater and groundwater pressure gradient, which can, in turn, increase seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers. Many researchers have conducted theoretical, experimental, and numerical analyses on the effects of changes in seawater and groundwater levels on coastal aquifers. In this study, modeling experiments were conducted in a sandy tank to analyze revetment and underground obstacles that influence seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. We focused on areas that have not been examined by current research. We confirmed that as the gradient of the seawater level to groundwater level increased, seawater intrusion weakened, because the difference between the seawater and groundwater levels increased as the salinity difference between the seawater and freshwater decreased. Following the installation of a revetment in the experimental coastal aquifer, the groundwater level behind it increased. Due to a decrease in the cross-sectional area, a special seawater–freshwater interface formed. We found that the seawater–groundwater pressure gradient increased due to the revetment, the flow to the sea increased, and the seawater–freshwater boundary moved in the direction of the sea in the experimental tank. This study suggests that if revetment and similar underground obstacles are arranged appropriately, the groundwater level and groundwater flow can be changed, and seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers can be reduced. In the future, results from this experiment could be used by numerical models as verification data for the seawater–freshwater interface and the seawater intrusion distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on problem behaviors in preschool children, using a latent growth model. Methods: Participants were 1,724 pairs of parents and 1,724 preschool children who had completed the panel survey on Korean children (5th~7th survey panels). Results: An analysis of the multivariate latent growth model of parenting stress, parental control attitudes, and children's problem behaviors suggested that the parents' intercepts for parenting stress influenced their intercepts for parental control attitudes (father: b=.21, p<.001; mother: b=.55, p<.001). In addition, the slopes for fathers' parenting stress was the only aspect that affected the slopes for mothers' parental control attitudes (b=.77, p<.001). Moreover, both the intercepts and slopes of parenting stress and parental control attitudes significantly affected the children's problem behaviors. Conclusion: This study is significant as it provides longitudinal evidence of the impact of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on children's problem behaviors. The findings suggest that accurately assessing changes in parenting stress and parental control attitudes and developing intervention programs to reduce them will be effective in reducing problem behaviors in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of an instrument and to identify nurses' attitudes toward obese patients. Methods: Basic questions were developed after a preliminary published work review, and content validity was verified by a group of experts. Principle components analysis was applied to the verified questions as a factor analysis, and a confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify whether each question qualified for a specific factor and construct reliability. Average variances were extracted and checked to appraise the reliability of each factor. Results: The first 74 questions composed with reference to the published work to identify nurses' attitudes toward obese patients were tested for construct validity and modified via factor analysis to 32 questions. Then, the questions were again modified to 29 questions with four factors after a confirmatory factor analysis. Construct reliability and the average variance extracted for the factors were verified to demonstrate that this tool was highly reliable to explain the 29 factors under the four categories. Conclusion: These results show nurses' attitudes toward obese patients. Further research using various subject groups and appropriate measures is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop an index of biological integrity (IBI) for national-level monitoring of watersheds as an ecosystem health assessment methodology for the South Korean government. A 10-metric IBI model (IBI) was developed for watershed management and then applied to 76 streams in four major watersheds in Korea. The model assessments showed that 32.9% of all streams were judged to be in 'excellent-good' condition, whereas 67.1% were in 'fair-poor' condition, indicating severely impaired ecological health. Nutrient analyses of stream water revealed a two- to fivefold increase in nutrient and biological oxygen demand (BOD) levels in urban- and cropland-dominant streams compared to forest-dominant streams. The guild structure within the watersheds indicated that tolerant species were predominant in severely degraded regions (BOD > 6 mg L), and sensitive species were distributed in regions with BOD < 2 mg L. Factors affecting ecosystem health (IBI scores) included chemical water quality parameters, physical habitat parameters and land use around the stream. In particular, land use was one of the major factors influencing ecosystem health, as indicated by the strong relationships between the percentages of urban and forest streams and the IBI scores. The integrated ecosystem health assessment technique developed here can be applied for both regular bioassessments and post-restoration assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lee, S.-Y.; Kim, D.-H.; Kim, D.-S.; Kim, H.-J.; Jeong, Y.-H.; Hong, S.-J., and Lee, H.-Y., 2021. Applicability of disaster scale criteria for swell-like waves based on wave overtopping predictions. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 226–230. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In this study, a wave overtopping prediction system was established for 10 major ports adjacent to 10 testbeds in South Korea, and a qualitative assessment of the system's reproducibility was performed through field surveys. The system estimates the probability of wave overtopping hazards, which is required for responding to disasters caused by swell-like waves. Wave overtopping prediction requires information on artificial structures in the major ports near the testbeds, swell-like wave predictions, and wave overtopping rate calculations. The threshold for defining wave overtopping hazards that can affect the hinterland, facilities, and residents in coastal areas was set to 0.01 m3/s/m, in accordance with EurOtop standards (Pullen et al., 2018) and the Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. The results of this study can be used to facilitate decision-making by providing qualitative estimations of wave overtopping hazards at various levels. By comparing the results to standard values, the risk of swell-like waves in testbeds along the East Sea coast can be determined. The proposed system can be used to avoid casualties and property damage in the event of a wave-overtopping disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lee, H.-Y.; Jeong, Y.-H.; Kim, D.-H.; Kim, D.-S.; Cho, W.-H., and Hong, S.-J., 2020. Effects of large-scale coastal construction in shallow coastal zones of the Yellow sea on changes in storm surge height. In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 252–256. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Fifty-three percent of the South Korean coastline has been artificially modified due to large-scale land reclamation and dike construction. In particular, 40% of tidal flats have disappeared from the shallow coastal zones on the west coast. The construction of such large-scale coastal developments has caused the typhoon-induced maximum storm surge height to increase by 24% on average. This can primarily be ascribed to the decreased surface area of the tidal flats caused by large-scale coastal construction, given that storm surge energy is significantly dissipated over the extensive tidal flats with high depth-dependent bottom friction coefficients. Additionally, complex interactions between multiple factors, including decreased water volume and simplified coastline, caused, for example, by semi-closed bay reclamation are considered responsible for increased storm surge height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]