Search

The Law School at South Carolina State College, a black college located in Orangeburg, South Carolina, was founded in 1947 as a segregated school to keep black students out of the state's all-white law school. However, this small law school produced in its nineteen-year existence a generation of attorneys whose education and achievements outlived the era of "separate but equal." The Law School at South Carolina State College (known as "State College") was conceived in 1946 when John Wrighten, a World War II veteran, applied to the University of South Carolina (USC) School of Law and was denied admission based on his race. With the help of the NAACP's Legal Counsel, which sought to integrate segregated educational institutions, including professional schools, he sued the University (Dewitt 1998, 15-17). The Law School was one of a series of segregated law programs that opened in the 1930s and 1940s in the wake of "Gaines v. Canada," a case that in 1938 created a precedent where states opened black professional schools to prevent blacks from attending ones that were all-white (Finch 1981, 99). Between 1947 and 1966 when the Law School closed, fifty-one students graduated from the Law School. Despite the school's hasty formation, over its nearly twenty-year operation it possessed all of the components, albeit on a reduced scale, of a fully functional law program. Between 1951, when South Carolina required a written examination for the bar, and 1968 when the last Law School at State College graduate took the bar exam, twenty-nine of the fifty African Americans admitted to the South Carolina Bar graduated from the Law School (Burke 2017, 226-227). The graduates practiced nationally and internationally in locations such as Washington, D.C., Nigeria, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (Burke and Hine 2004, 36). This article explains why the Law School at State College was created, the nature of its organization and operations, and its legacy and place in the history of higher education.

Concussion may negatively influence cardiovascular function and the autonomic nervous system, defined by alteration in heart rate variability (HRV). Differences in HRV most commonly emerge during a physical challenge, such as the final steps of the return-to-sport progression. To assess the effect of concussion history on aspects of cardio-autonomic function during recovery from a bout of submaximal exercise in adolescent male hockey athletes. Case-control study. Research laboratory. Thirty-three male athletes participating in Midget-AAA hockey were divided into those with (n = 15; age = 16 ± 1 years, height = 1.78 ± 0.06 m, mass = 73.9 ± 7.4 kg, 10.5 ± 1.6 years of sport experience, 25.2 ± 18.3 months since last injury) or without (n = 18; age = 16 ± 1 years, height = 1.78 ± 0.05 m, mass = 74.8 ± 7.6 kg, 10.6 ± 1.9 years of sport experience) a concussion history. Those with a concussion history were binned on total count: 1 concussion or 2 or more concussions. All athletes underwent 5 minutes of resting HRV assessment, followed by 20 minutes of aerobic exercise at 60% to 70% of their maximal target heart rate and a 9-minute, postexercise HRV assessment. Heart rate variability measures of mean NN interval, root mean square of successive differences, and standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN). Group demographic characteristics were not different. When the control and concussed groups were compared, group and time main effects for heart rate recovery, root mean square of successive differences, and SDNN (P values <.01), and an interaction effect for SDNN (P <.05) were demonstrated. Recovery trends for each group indicated that a history of 2 or more concussions may negatively affect cardio-autonomic recovery postexercise. Our findings suggest that those with more than 1 previous concussion may be associated with a greater risk for long-term dysautonomia. Future use of HRV may provide clinicians with objective guidelines for concussion-management and safe return-to-participation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]