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Mud crabs, Scylla paramamosain , are one of the most economical and nutritious crab species in China and South Asia. Inconsistent with the high development of commercial mud crab aquaculture, effective immunological methods to prevent frequently-occurring diseases have not yet been developed. Thus, high mortalities often occur throughout the different developmental stages of this species resulting in large economic losses. In recent years, numerous attempts have been made to use various advanced biological technologies to understand the innate immunity of S. paramamosain as well as to characterize specific immune components. This review summarizes these research advances regarding cellular and humoral responses of the mud crab during pathogen infection, highlighting hemocytes and gills defense, pattern recognition, immune-related signaling pathways (Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT, and prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascades), immune effectors (antimicrobial peptides), production of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant system. Diseases affecting the development of mud crab aquaculture and potential disease control strategies are discussed. Image 1 • Hemocytes and gills immune defenses are reviewed in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. • Knowledge of pattern recognition and immune-related signaling pathways is updated. • Humoral responses, both immune effectors and antioxidant function, are described. • Strategies are proposed for disease mitigation and control in mud crab aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]