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Looks at some of the problems facing the United Nations (UN) in its 50th year and focuses on the bloat and inefficiency of the budget. Questionable activities of some UN officials who charged the UN for certain services; The organization's success in feeding and sheltering refugees; How much the UN spent per day in Somalia; Comments about bureaucratic dead weight; Attempts at reform.

The article reports that the U.S. first has become involved in Somalia during the Cold War to counter Soviet influence in neighboring Ethiopia. Years of effort by the United Nations, the African Union and an international support group have helped Somalia create a fragile national government and security force. The U.S. and nations from Europe and the Persian Gulf have provided important assistance to the Somali national government and security forces.

Examines the intelligence support to a brigade-size Corps Support Command (COSCOM) deployed as part of the United Nations Forces in Somalia (UNOSOM II). Planning and direction; Collection of data; Processing of data; Assessment results; Dissemination of results.

Discusses the failure of the Clinton administration's nation building and assertive multilateralism in Somalia. Comparison with American foreign policy to Somalia under former President George Bush; Impact on the United Nations' (UN) peace enforcement competence.

Examines the role of the United Nations (UN) in resolving the civil strife in Somalia. Appointment of Mohammed Sahnoun as UN special envoy; Overthrow of Mohammed Siad Barre in January 1991; Conflict between Ali Mahdi and General Mohammed Farah Aidid; Reasons for the inaction of UN in mediation and peacemaking; Consequences of UN's refusal to act on the request for a special session on Somalia; Sahnoun's efforts in rebuilding the confidence of Somalis on UN.

Presents the United Nations' envoy to Somalia, Mohamed Sahnoun's contentions that the grassroots approach, not military force, should have been used as intervention in the Somalian crisis. Empowerment of community leaders ignored; Concern over the security of UN staff; Clashes between UN forces and Somalians; Early diplomatic intervention to avoid political crises; Application of principle to diffuse Congo crisis.

States that, on September 22, 1993, the United Nations (UN) Security Council affirmed the importance of successfully fulfilling the objectives of the UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II) so that its operation could be completed by March 1995. Unanimous adoption of resolution 856 (1993); Views of the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity (OAU); More.

Comments on the United Nations (UN) Security Council reactions to a violent ambush of UN peace-keepers in Mogadishu, Somalia on June 5, 1993. The UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II); Number of Pakistani soldiers killed in the ambush; Resolution 837 and the belief that the attacks were launched by forces led by General Mohamed Farah Aidid; Military actions by UNOSOM II forces; More.

Reports that an expanded UN Operation in Somalia, UNOSOM II, will help Somalis rebuild their economy and government. Transition from the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) to UNOSOM II; Four phases of UNOSOM II; Military commanders and special envoys appointed by Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali; UN facilitated reconcilliation meetings between Somali factions; Meeting of representatives of 14 Somali political movements; Agreement in Addis Ababa; More.

Highlights United Nations Resolution 794 (1992), a Security Council action that marked the first-ever UN sanction for the use of force to ensure the delivery of humanitarian relief. UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali announces sending military troops (Unified Task Force) to Somalia; Operation Restore Hope initiated by US on December 9, 1992; Phases of that operation; Five options for delivery of relief supplies; Four phases of Operation Restore Hope; Reconciliation in Somalia.

Assesses the effects of the decision of the United Nations to pull out its contingent forces in Somalia. Plans of Somalia's two largest militia to fight for control of the country's port and airport; Emergence of a wild frontier-economy in the country; Factors for the failure of the U.N. mission in Somalia.

Reports on the completion of the United Nations Operations in Somalia's (UNOSOM II) withdrawal. Member nations in the mission; Details of the withdrawal; Background of the mission. INSET: The UN and Somalia (calendar of UN activities)..

Focuses on the United Nations (UN) Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) following five months of violent confrontation between international peace-keepers and an armed Somali faction in Mogadishu. Views of Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali; The intense street fighting on October 3, 1993; Establishment of a Commission of Inquiry. INSET: The Secretary-General on Somalia (quote)..

Discusses the current situation in Somalia and how the United States withdrawal will effect the country. Remarks by retired American Adm. Jonathan Howe, the head of the United Nations operation in Somalia; Why the US withdrawal will pull the teeth out of the UN peace-making operation; Confusion about how to deal with General Aidid; Trying to catch Aidid now would shatter the shaky truce; American combination of tanks and talks appears to be working well.

Discusses problems that the United States faces in its effort to bolster the United Nations (U.N.) as an instrument of international law and order. Details of new plan which envisions a vast expansion of the U.N.'s responsibilities for keeping order in the new world; Deepening confusion of U.N. power and the trappings of power in Somalia; How the fight to rescue the starving has now become a fight to rescue the U.N.'s reputation and authority.

Examines the disarray among the peacekeepers in war-torn Somalia. Deaths of 35 United Nations peacekeepers and 100 Somalis in fighting since June 1993; Italian tipoffs to fugitive warlord Gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid; Cranking up of civil war; Somalia as a signal failure; UN special representative US Adm. Jonathan Howe; Sen. Robert Byrd.

Discusses the final withdrawal of United Nations (UN) peacekeepers from war-scarred Somalia. How many Americans want no more to do with peacekeeping, especially under the aegis of the United Nations (UN); Today's isolationism; Resistance to President Bill Clinton's promise to sent US ground troops to help UN troops withdraw from Bosnia and Croatia; Suggestion that Somalia, and perhaps America, is now on its own.

Examines United Nations (UN) Security Council resolution 814 dated March 26, 1993, approving the second UN peace-keeping operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II). Objectives and magnitude of exercise; Factors behind UNOSOM II controversy; Recommendations on handling of Somali situation.

Recounts last weeks landing of the first contingent of US Marines and French troops in Somalia, where they quickly took control of the capital Mogadishu and began guarding warehouses full of food that relief agencies, intimidated by armed gangs of looters, had been unable to deliver. Operation not without civilian casualties; Warlords call for a cease fire; Violence continued in remote parts of Somalia; Growing support for UN military intervention in Yugoslavia.

Discusses various aspects of mandate revisions for the United Nations (UN) Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II) that focus on assisting Somali parties in cooperative efforts. Security Council demand that Somali parties hold back violence against humanitarian and peace-keeping workers; Importance of support from international community for the people of Somalia.

Focuses on the failure of peacekeeping mission and intelligence support of the United Nations in Somalia. American casualties; Differing understanding of the term peacekeeping.

Discusses how the United Nations, engaged in an unprecedented mission to resurrect Somalia, faces a formidable job. Basic U.N. strategy; Goals; Need for the Somalis to help themselves; Small signs of progress.

Reports on the withdrawal of the last United Nations peacekeepers from Somalia, protected by United States marines and Italian soldiers, ending a failed two-year mission. How Somalia is on the verge of civil war; Its two warlords, Mohammed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohammed; Cost of the United Nations mission.

Comments on the `banana war' in Somalia between Dole Food Co. and Italian interests and asserts it is one symptom of the mess the United Nations leaves as it withdraws after two years and $3 billion spent in a failed attempt to bring disarmament or form a national government. Warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid; His rival, Ali Mahdi Mohammed; Background of the banana dispute.

States that the last 3,000 United States soldiers in Somalia are preparing to leave Mogadishu as Somalis prepare for the homecoming of the warlord who tormented the troops, Mohammed Farah Aidid. The 15-month US mission in Somalia may not have accomplished much else, but it transformed Aidid from an obscure warlord into an international figure. His plan; How he is well positioned to make trouble; The thinly spread UN force which will remain in Somalia.

Discusses how Pentagon officials are worried that warring Somali clans could attack the dwindling peacekeeping force. Goal of clans to seize military equipment of the departing soldiers; Scenario if clans were to attack.

Claims that when United States troops depart from Somalia they leave behind a country in no better shape than when they arrived. Example of Asha Farto, one of 15 villages caught, and left in smoking ruins, by battling rival subclans; Greatly diminished United Nations force left behind by departing US and European contingents; Prospect of renewed anarchy bringing Somalis to brink of despair; Difficulty in achieving a dignified retreat.

Highlights the reaction in Italy when Kofi Annan, the UN's chief of peacekeeping operations, ordered General Bruno Loi, Italy's military commander in Somalia, `rotated back home' for insubordination. Full-scale international debate over pistol-packing tactics the peacekeepers are pursuing to destroy one of Somalia's warlords, Mohammed Farrah Aidid; Escalating assaults; Humanitarian relief turning into war operation; Anger focused squarely on US; Details.

Reports on the questions raised about the role of the United States in future peacekeeping missions due to United Nations' problems in Somalia. Sidestepping of the issue by President Bill Clinton; Exercise of more caution about deploying any Americans in such a role where there is the slightest ambiguity about the chain of command.

Reports on the Congressionally mandated report by the administration of President Bill Clinton which states that the United Nations is correcting coordination problems among the multinational forces in Somalia. Persistence of difficulties with incompatible equipment, procedural differences and language barriers.

Reports on the stand of the United Nations (UN) and the United States in the conflict in Somalia. Deployment of multilateral UN forces and unilateral American forces; Responsibilities of Jonathan Howe as UN negotiator; Negotiation by American Robert B. Oakley; Howe's plan to capture Mohammed Farrah Aidid; Oakley's appeal for the release of Michael Durant; Washington's exit strategy.

Reports on the withdrawal of United Nations troops from Somalia. Focus on warlords' battle for control; Humanitarian efforts; Financial issues; Casualties.

Examines United Nations (UN) peace-keeping efforts in Somalia. How peace-keepers act as one might expect warlords to act, a humanitarian mission behaving as an army of occupation; Suggestion that in Somalia, the villains are not necessarily whom we might like them to be; Specific incidents; Acceptance of truths about the Third World because they fit into the picture we have of what the Third World should be like; Reported in London's `Independent.'

Cites reports from around the world on political events in Somalia. The `Riyadh Daily' in Saudi Arabia states that a spark anywhere in Somalia can ignite an inferno. Uganda's `New Vision' calls Somalia increasingly insecure in the wake of Operation Restore Hope. Bernard Morris in `The Times' of London claims the American forces wonder how they will ever get out of the mess. More.

Looks at Somalia and the sovereignty issue. The sanctioning of military intervention by the United Nations; Lack of permission by Somalian authorities; No threat to United States security; Justification for Operation Restore Hope; Questions that are raised; Reprinted from the `Al-Ahram' of Cairo.

Reports on the withdrawal of United Nations (UN) peacekeepers from Somalia in March 1995. Number of troops that made up the UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II); UNOSOM's primary purpose; Approval of interim extension of mandate; Consolidation of political reconciliation.