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Most cadastral systems today are coordinate-based and contain only a weak or no reference to measurements or the origin of the information. In some contexts, this is largely due to the transition of land data management and maintenance from an analogue to a digital environment. This study focuses on analysing the importance of the measurement-based cadastre and the digitisation process in North Macedonia and Slovenia. The survey-based boundary data and their integration into the digital environment were not considered in either case study. The positional differences between the survey-based boundary coordinates and the graphical coordinates of the boundaries are significant. The RMSE(2D) for Trebosh was 48 cm, and the RMSE(2D) for Ivanjševci was 56 cm. Consequently, the differences in location affected the areas of the cadastral parcels, resulting in an RMSE of 26 m2 and 23 m2 for Trebosh and Ivanjševci, respectively. These differences can be considered as differences within the cadastral boundary data. Therefore, before harmonising the data between the cadastre and the land register, the inconsistencies within the cadastral data should be eliminated first. The differences in the location of cadastral boundaries and parcel area create new challenges in cadastral procedures (formatting of parcels), conflicts in the relocation of boundaries, and impacts on the land market. The solution lies in the way data is maintained, avoiding duplication of attributes or eliminating inconsistencies (after duplication). Both solutions require further modifications of the legal framework for cadastral procedures related to boundary adjustments and data compliance. This study provides a basis for evaluating inconsistencies in cadastral data and highlights the importance of proper source data selection in the digitization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land administration system, providing a mechanism to support the management of real properties, is one of the most crucial infrastructures of any country. This infrastructure is needed to support planning and implementation of land-related policies, and in general to support human decisions and activities in our environment. The fundamental part of a modern land administration system is the land cadastre. Over the last decade, the demand for three-dimensional (3D) cadastre has increased significantly worldwide. The physical and legal complexities of the built and natural environment prompt new concepts and definitions of real property units in order to meet the demands of a today's society and to balance private and public spatial interests. Particularly in urban areas, including other areas with intensive human interventions into space, there is a tendency to use space above and below the Earth's surface, above and below structures, etc. Complex 3D objects cannot be defined and registered as cadastral objects in the traditional 2D land cadastre and represented in a 2D cadastral map. For this purpose, next to the land cadastre, in 2000, Slovenia introduced the building cadastre. From the juridical point of view, the current cadastral system is not sufficient for all 3D situations. In this paper, we discuss upgrade possibilities of data models of the land cadastre and building cadastre to introduce a unique 3D real property cadastre in Slovenia. We believe that the data available in the current cadastres will significantly contribute toward the 3D real property cadastre and 3D graphical representation of cadastral data; nevertheless, some additional data are needed. The minimum data required could be provided already through the current cadastral procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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When ordering LiDAR data, LiDAR point density per surface unit is important information with decisive influence on the price of the LiDAR survey. The paper first deals with the theoretical calculation of the minimum LiDAR point density, necessary for the acquisition of topographic data of the largest scales. For this purpose the sampling theorem is used. However, since topographic objects (roads, water bodies, etc.) and phenomena represented on topographic maps and in topographic bases are in many cases located under vegetation, also the rate of laser beam penetration through vegetation for the area where the topographic data are to be gathered has to be known. In a research on a test case conducted in the area of the town Nova Gorica we calculated the rate of laser beam penetration for four different vegetation types: scarce Mediterranean vegetation, thick thermophilic deciduous forest, mixed vegetation (meadows, orchards and forest) and built-up area. By connecting the theoretic minimum LiDAR point density with the rate of penetration, we defined the minimum LiDAR point density for the needs of data acquisition on topographic maps of the largest scales or in topographic bases of comparable detail (from 1 : 1000 to 1 : 10,000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the second Summer School (SS) on laser scanning which was organized by the WG VI/5: Promotion of the Profession to Students and the Student Consortium (SC) and held in Ljubljana, Slovenia from July 1-7, 2007. The event, which was aimed at providing an intensive and educational week with training activities for students and young researchers, was hosted by the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana. An overview of lecture sessions held at the university is presented.