Overall the book provides an important discussion on how medicine transformed into a business - emphasising the role of technology through a rare case study of X-ray technology in the Japanese medical system between 1895 and 1945. Making medicine a business: X-ray technology, global competition, and the transformation of the Japanese medical system, 1895-1945: by Pierre-Yves Donzé, Palgrave-Macmillan: Singapore, 2018, xiv + 199 pp, £99.99 (hardback), ISBN 978-981-10-8158-3 This book illustrates how medicine and healthcare transformed from a charitable activity into a business. [Extracted from the article]