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Objectives: To assess the feasibility, repeatability, validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-3L in Krio for patients with stroke in Sierra Leone, the first psychometric assessment of the EQ-5D-3L to be conducted in patients with stroke in Sub Saharan Africa. Methods: A prospective stroke register at two tertiary government hospitals recruited all patients with the WHO definition of stroke and followed patients up at seven days, 90 days and one year post stroke. The newly translated EQ-5D-3L, Barthel Index (BI), modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), a measure of stroke severity, were collected by trained researchers, face to face during admission and via phone at follow up. Feasibility was assessed by completion rate and proportion of floor/ceiling effects. Internal consistency was assessed by inter item correlations (IIC) and Cronbach's alpha. Repeatability of the EQ-5D-3L was examined using test–retest, EQ-5D-3L utility scores at 90 days were compared to EQ-5D-3L utility scores at one year in the same individuals, whose Barthel Index had remained within the minimally clinical important difference. Known group validity was assessed by stroke severity. Convergent validity was assessed against the BI, using Spearman's rho. Responsiveness was assessed in patients whose BI improved or deteriorated from seven to 90 days. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using the UK and Zimbabwe value sets, to evaluate the effect of value set, in a subgroup of patients with no formal education to evaluate the influence of patient educational attainment, and using the mRS instead of the BI to evaluate the influence of utilising an alternative functional scale. Results: The EQ-5D-3L was completed in 373/460 (81.1%), 360/367 (98.1%) and 299/308 (97.1%) eligible patients at seven days, 90 days and one year post stroke. Missing item data was low overall, but was highest in the anxiety/depression dimension 1.3% (5/373). Alpha was 0.81, 0.88 and 0.86 at seven days, 90 days and one year post stroke and IIC were within pre-specified ranges. Repeatability of the EQ-5D-3L was moderate to poor, weighted Kappa 0.23–0.49. EQ-5D-3L utility was significantly associated with stroke severity at all timepoints. Convergent validity with BI was strong overall and for shared subscales. EQ-5D-3L was moderately responsive to both improvement Cohen's D 0.55 (95% CI:0.15—0.94) and deterioration 0.92 (95% CI:0.29—1.55). Completion rates were similar in patients with no formal education 148/185 (80.0%) vs those with any formal education 225/275 (81.8%), and known group validity for stroke severity in patients with no formal education was strong. Using the Zimbabwe value set instead of the UK value set, and using the mRS instead of the BI did not change the direction or significance of results. Conclusions: The EQ-5D-3L for stroke in Sierra Leone was feasible, and responsive including in patients with no formal education. However, repeatability was moderate to poor, which may be due to the study design, but should add a degree of caution in the analysis of repeated measures of EQ-5D-3L over time in this population. Known group validity and convergent validity with BI and mRS were strong. Further research should assess the EQ-5D in the general population, examine test–retest reliability over a shorter time period and assess the acceptability and validity of the anxiety/depression dimension against other validated mental health instruments. Development of an EQ-5D value set for West Africa should be a research priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited information on long-term outcomes after stroke in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Current estimates of case fatality rate (CFR) in SSA are based on small sample sizes with varying study design and report heterogeneous results. Aims: We report CFR and functional outcomes from a large, prospective, longitudinal cohort of stroke patients in Sierra Leone and describe factors associated with mortality and functional outcome. Methods: A prospective longitudinal stroke register was established at both adult tertiary government hospitals in Freetown, Sierra Leone. It recruited all patients ⩾ 18 years with stroke, using the World Health Organization definition, from May 2019 until October 2021. To reduce selection bias onto the register, all investigations were paid by the funder and outreach conducted to raise awareness of the study. Sociodemographic data, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and Barthel Index (BI) were collected on all patients on admission, at 7 days, 90 days, 1 year, and 2 years post stroke. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to identify factors associated with all-cause mortality. A binomial logistic regression model reports odds ratio (OR) for functional independence at 1 year. Results: A total of 986 patients with stroke were included, of which 857 (87%) received neuroimaging. Follow-up rate was 82% at 1 year, missing item data were <1% for most variables. Stroke cases were equally split by sex and mean age was 58.9 (SD: 14.0) years. About 625 (63%) were ischemic, 206 (21%) primary intracerebral hemorrhage, 25 (3%) subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 130 (13%) were of undetermined stroke type. Median NIHSS was 16 (9–24). CFR at 30 days, 90 days, 1 year, and 2 years was 37%, 44%, 49%, and 53%, respectively. Factors associated with increased fatality at any timepoint were male sex (hazard ratio (HR): 1.28 (1.05–1.56)), previous stroke (HR: 1.34 (1.04–1.71)), atrial fibrillation (HR: 1.58(1.06–2.34)), subarachnoid hemorrhage (HR: 2.31 (1.40–3.81)), undetermined stroke type (HR: 3.18 (2.44–4.14)), and in-hospital complications (HR: 1.65 (1.36–1.98)). About 93% of patients were completely independent prior to their stroke, declining to 19% at 1 year after stroke. Functional improvement was most likely to occur between 7 and 90 days post stroke with 35% patients improving, and 13% improving between 90 days to 1 year. Increasing age (OR: 0.97 (0.95–0.99)), previous stroke (OR: 0.50 (0.26–0.98)), NIHSS (OR: 0.89 (0.86–0.91)), undetermined stroke type (OR: 0.18 (0.05–0.62)), and ⩾1 in-hospital complication (OR: 0.52 (0.34–0.80)) were associated with lower OR of functional independence at 1 year. Hypertension (OR: 1.98 (1.14–3.44)) and being the primary breadwinner of the household (OR: 1.59 (1.01–2.49)) were associated with functional independence at 1 year. Conclusion: Stroke affected younger people and resulted in high rates of fatality and functional impairment relative to global averages. Key clinical priorities for reducing fatality include preventing stroke-related complications through evidence-based stroke care, improved detection and management of atrial fibrillation, and increasing coverage of secondary prevention. Further research into care pathways and interventions to encourage care seeking for less severe strokes should be prioritized, including reducing the cost barrier for stroke investigations and care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and negatively affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). HRQoL after stroke is understudied in Africa and there are no reports of quality-adjusted life years after stroke (QALYs) in African countries. We determined the impact of stroke on HRQoL after stroke in Sierra Leone. We calculated QALYs at 1 year post-stroke and determined sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with HRQoL and QALYs in this population., Methods: A prospective stroke register was established at the two-principal adult tertiary government hospitals in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Participants were followed up at 7, 90 days, and 1 year post-stroke to capture all-cause mortality and EQ-5D-3L data. QALYs were calculated at the patient level using EQ-5D-3L utility values and survival data from the register, following the area under the curve method. Utilities were based on the UK and Zimbabwe (as a sensitivity analysis) EQ-5D value sets, as there is no Sierra Leonean or West African value set. Explanatory models were developed based on previous literature to assess variables associated with HRQoL and QALYs at 1 year after stroke. To address missing values, Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE), with linear and logistic regression models for continuous and binary variables, respectively, were used., Results: EQ-5D-3L data were available for 373/460 (81.1%), 360/367 (98.1%), and 299/308 (97.1%) participants at 7, 90 days, and 1 year after stroke. For stroke survivors, median EQ-5D-3L utility increased from 0.20 (95% CI: -0.16 to 0.59) at 7 days post-stroke to 0.76 (0.47 to 1.0) at 90 days and remained stable at 1 year 0.76 (0.49 to 1.0). Mean QALYs at 1 year after stroke were 0.28 (SD: 0.35) and closely associated with stroke severity. Older age, lower educational attainment, patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and undetermined stroke types all had lower QALYs and lower HRQoL, while being the primary breadwinner was associated with higher HRQoL. Sensitivity analysis with the Zimbabwe value set did not significantly change regression results but did influence the absolute values with Zimbabwe utility values being higher, with fewer utility values less than 0., Conclusion: We generated QALYs after stroke for the first time in an African country. QALYs were significantly lower than studies from outside Africa, partially explained by the high mortality rate in our cohort. Further research is needed to develop appropriate value sets for West African countries and to examine QALYs lost due to stroke over longer time periods., Data Availability: The Stroke in Sierra Leone anonymized dataset is available on request to researchers, see data access section., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.