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Deception Island (DI) is an active volcanic caldera in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, with an inner bay, Port Foster, formed by an ancient eruption. The bay's seafloor hydrofracture system contains hydrothermal seeps and submarine vents, which are a source of trace metals (TMs) like Fe, Ni, Co, V, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2 and CH4. This study presents measurements of TMs and GHGs in Port Foster's surface waters during January-February 2021 to characterize their spatial distribution. TMs concentrations in the northeastern region of the bay, particularly V (74 nM), Fe (361 nM), Co (3.9 nM) and Ni (17.2 nM), were generally higher than in the Southern Ocean, likely due to hydrothermal activity. As some TMs such as Fe are scarce in the SO and limit primary productivity, inputs of these nutrients from DI into surrounding waters may also regionally promote increased primary productivity. Higher surface temperature (ST), elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), and lower salinity were found near submarine fumaroles, with ST positively correlated with pCO2 and negatively with salinity. Although hydrothermal sites showed localized CO2 outgassing, the bay overall acted as a CO2 sink, with a median flux of -2.78 mol m-2 yr-1 with an interquartile range (IQR) of 3.84 mol m-2 yr-1. CH4 highest concentration levels were found in the southeastern sector. The median concentration was 8.9 nM with an IQR of 1.9 nM, making Port Foster a regional net CH4 source with a median flux of 9.7 μmol m-2 d-1 and an IQR of 3.4 μmol m-2 d-1. Ultimately, the analysis of spatial patterns of the measured variables suggested that fumaroles of DI may be playing a significant role in the alteration of regional seawater biogeochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctica plays a fundamental role in the Earth's climate, oceanic circulation and global ecosystem. It is a priority and a scientific challenge to understand its functioning and responses under different scenarios of global warming. However, extreme environmental conditions, seasonality and isolation hampers the efforts to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the physical, biological, chemical and geological processes taking place in Antarctica. Here we present unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as feasible, rapid and accurate tools for environmental and wildlife research in Antarctica. UAV surveys were carried out on Deception Island (South Shetland Islands) using visible, multispectral and thermal sensors, and a water sampling device to develop precise thematic ecological maps, detect anomalous thermal zones, identify and census wildlife, build 3D images of geometrically complex geological formations, and sample dissolved chemicals (< 0.22 µm) waters from inaccessible or protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]