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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to review the microbiological profile, in vitro antibiotic susceptibility and visual outcomes of paediatric microbial keratitis in Shanghai, China over the past 6 years.MethodsMedical records of patients aged ≤16 years were reviewed, who were diagnosed as having bacterial keratitis between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2010. Bacterial culture results and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility were analysed. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between visual impairment and possible risk factors.ResultsEighty consecutive cases of paediatric bacterial keratitis cases were included, among which 59 were identified as having positive culture. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most commonly isolated organism (n=23; 39.0%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=11; 18.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=6; 10.2%). Antibiotic sensitivities revealed that tested bacteria had low resistance rates to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides (8.3-18.4% and 12.5-24.4%, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis proved that visual impairment was significantly associated with Gram-negative bacterial infection (odds ratio (OR)=7.626; P=0.043) and an increasing number of resistant antibiotics (OR=0.385; P=0.040).ConclusionsS. epidermidis was the most common isolated organism in Shanghai paediatric keratitis. The fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides remained good choices for treating these patients. Gram-negative bacterial infection and an increasing number of resistant antibiotics were associated with worse visual prognoses in paediatric keratitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Numerous studies about the ground source heat pump building heating and cooling systems have been constructed in office building, hotel, residential building and school et al. However, few researches about the constant temperature and humidity air-conditioning system driven by ground-coupled heat pumps were carried out. In this paper, a constant temperature and humidity air-conditioning system driven by ground source heat pump was designed and constructed in an archives building in Shanghai, China. During the operation in the cooling mode, the heat extraction from the condenser of the heat pump was divided: part was rejected to the soil while another was used to reheat the air in AHUs. According to the experimental results, the indoor temperature and relative humidity fulfilled the “Archives Design Code”. In summer, the heat rejected to the soil was reduced by 32%, which was helpful for the earth energy conservation. The soil temperature increased only 0.5 °C after the GSHP system operating for a year. The energy cost of the air-conditioning system was 56.1 kWh/m2. Compared with air source heat pump system and water cooled unit with boiler system, the operating cost of ground source heat pump was reduced by 55.8% and 48.4%, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A constant temperature and humidity air-conditioning system driven by ground source heat pumps was designed and constructed in an archives building in Shanghai, China. The system consists of two water-to-water heat pumps and 280 boreholes with 80m in depth. In order to keep the temperature and humidity constant, the operation mode that one heat pump ran in heating mode and the other one ran in cooling mode was deployed. According to the experimental results under typical winter weather condition of Shanghai, the average COP of the heat pump in heating mode was 5.2. The average temperature and relative humidity of the archives house were 22.8°C and 52.5%, respectively. It was found that the operation mode we deployed could reduce the heat absorbed from the soil by 20%. Theoretical analysis showed that it was helpful for the earth energy conservation with one heat pump operated in cooling mode in winter. It was also shown that the decrease range of temperature of the soil in the middle of two boreholes would reduce with the increase of the distance between two boreholes. The distance between two boreholes is suggested to be 4–5m in Shanghai. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]