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Background: Decitabine (DAC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, has shown efficacy combined with chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults, but less is known about its efficacy in children. Accordingly, we conducted a study which involved a priming regimen consisting of DAC with cladribine, cytarabine, and granulocyte-stimulating factor (DAC-CLAG) and compared the efficacy and safety of this regimen with CLAG alone. Methods: A total of 39 R/R AML children who received the CLAG or DAC-CLAG regimen in Shanghai Children's Hospital were retrospectively enrolled in this non-randomized study. These regimens were studied sequentially over time. Twenty-two patients received CLAG from 2015, while 17 patients were administered epigenetic priming with DAC before CLAG from 2020. Patients were subsequently bridged to stem cell transplantation (SCT) or consolidation chemotherapy. Complete remission (CR) and adverse effects were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, and survival was analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: DAC-CLAG conferred a numerically higher CR compared to CLAG (70.59% vs 63.64%; P = 0.740). High CR rates occurred in patients with good cytogenetics (P = 0.029) and prior induction without cladribine (P = 0.099). The 1-year event-free survival (EFS) was 64.71% ± 11.59% and 63.31% ± 10.35% in the DAC-CLAG and CLAG group (P = 0.595), and 1-year overall survival (OS) was 81.45% ± 9.72% and 77.01% ± 9.04%, respectively (P = 0.265). The 1-year OS and EFS after SCT were higher in the DAC-CLAG than in the CLAG cohort (100% vs 92.31% ± 7.39%, P = 0.072; 92.31% ± 7.39% vs 85.71% ± 9.35%, P = 0.158). Univariate analysis revealed that a good prognosis included good cytogenetics (P = 0.002), non-complex karyotype (P = 0.056), CR on reinduction (P < 0.0001), and bridging to SCT (P = 0.0007). Use of a hypomethylating agent (P = 0.049) and bridging to SCT (P = 0.011) were independent prognostic factors. Grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity and infection were the main adverse events. Conclusions: DAC prior to the CLAG regimen improved remission in pediatric R/R AML, and was feasible and well tolerated. CLAG ± DAC as a salvage therapy prior to SCT induced improved survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety and depression are common psychological comorbidities in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). There is still a lack of epidemiological studies on anxiety and depression in Chinese CP patients. This study aimed to identify the incidence and related factor of anxiety and depression among East Chinese CP patients and explore the relationship between anxiety, depression, and coping styles. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from June 1, 2019 to March 31, 2021 in Shanghai, China. Patient diagnosed with CP were interviewed using the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire, Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the related factors of anxiety and depression. Correlation test was preformed to analyze the correlation between anxiety, depression, and coping styles. Results: The incidence of anxiety and depression in East Chinese CP patients was 22.64% and 38.61%, respectively. Patients' previous health status, level of disease coping, frequency of abdominal pain episodes, and pain severity were significantly associated with anxiety and depression. Mature coping styles (Problem solving, Seeking for help) had a positive impact on anxiety and depression, while immature coping styles (Self-blame, Fantasy, Repression, Rationalization) had negative effects on anxiety and depression. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression were common in patients with CP in China. The factors identified in this study may provide references for the management of anxiety and depression in CP patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban atmospheric environmental problems have raised increasing attention in recent years. To confirm the impact of plant dust deposition capacity on urban atmosphere and spectral characteristics, this study carried out experiments in Xuhui District and Minhang District of Shanghai, and 4 common greening species were selected as research objects. In order to explore the changes in vegetation spectral characteristics, ASD FieldSpec 3 Spectrometer and 1/10000 electronic balance were used to measure the spectral data and dust data of samples. The results show as follows: (1) 380–680 nm and 750–1350 nm are the best spectral wavelengths to analyze the influence of dust deposition on spectrum. (2) The canopy reflectance spectra of tree species decrease with the increase of dust deposition, especially in the wavelength range of 750–1350 nm. (3) The first derivative and the second derivative are beneficial to observe the spectral changes and judge the position of the red edge. The red edge position of some tree species is easy to move under the interference of dust deposition. (4) Among the four tree species, the spectrum of Osmanthus fragrans is relatively undisturbed by dust deposition, and Osmanthus fragrans is a great tree species for urban greening. The research made a foundation for the future use of spectral information to estimate vegetation dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5% (or 48mmol/mol) has been recommended as a new diagnostic criterion for diabetes; however, limited literature is available regarding the effect of age on the HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes and the causes for this age effect remain unknown. In this study, we investigated whether and why age affects the diagnostic efficiency of HbA1c for diabetes in a community-based Chinese population. Methods: In total, 4325 participants without previously known diabetes were enrolled in this study. Participants were stratified by age. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted for each age group and the area under the curve (AUC) represented the diagnostic efficiency of HbA1c for diabetes defined by the plasma glucose criteria. The area under the ROC curve in each one-year age group was defined as AUCage. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify factors inducing the association between age and AUCage based on the changes in the β and P values of age. Results: The current threshold of HbA1c (≥6.5% or 48mmol/mol) showed low sensitivity (35.6%) and high specificity (98.9%) in diagnosing diabetes. ROC curve analyses showed that the diagnostic efficiency of HbA1c in the ≥75 years age group was significantly lower than that in the 45–54 years age group (AUC: 0.755 vs. 0.878; P<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the AUCage of HbA1c was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.557, P = 0.001). When adjusting the red blood cell (RBC) count in the multiple regression model, the negative association between age and AUCage disappeared, with the regression coefficient of age reversed to 0.001 and the P value increased to 0.856. Conclusions: The diagnostic efficiency of HbA1c for diabetes decreased with aging, and this age effect was induced by the decreasing RBC count with age. HbA1c is unsuitable for diagnosing diabetes in elderly individuals because of their physiologically decreased RBC count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to education for children from rural migrant families in urban areas has sparked heated debates in China. While there are increasing indications of policy changes to bring public education to all citizens regardless of their residency, it is less clear what kinds of resources are needed to create an education supply to serve this constantly moving and ever-growing population. Using archival and interview data on a large urban district in Shanghai, the authors analyze the constraints faced by local government in providing full-scale free education to migrant children. The authors find that the public finance scheme, teacher staffing policy and land use policy are the three factors that constrain the supply of public education in large metropolitan areas. This analysis also shows that under the current decentralized management scheme, local government alone does not have the capacity to resolve these constraints. This finding calls for coordination among various state branches at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ten pharmaceuticals and two consumer products were investigated in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Shanghai, China. The concentrations of target compounds in the wastewater influents ranged from below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 9340 ng/L, with the frequency of detection of 31-100 %, and the removal efficiencies were observed to be −82 to 100 % in the four WWTPs. Concentrations of most target compounds (i.e. diclofenac, caffeine, metoprolol, sulpiride) in the wastewater influents were around three to eight times higher in urban WWTPs than in suburb ones, probably due to the different population served and lifestyles. Mean concentrations of target compounds in the wastewater influent generally decreased by 5-76 % after rainfall due to the dilution of raw sewage by rainwater, which infiltrated into the sewer system. In the WWTPs located in the suburb area, the increased flow of wastewater influent led to a shortened hydraulic retention time (HRT) and decreased removal efficiencies of some compounds. On the contrary, the influence of rainfall was not significant on the removal efficiencies of investigated compounds in urban WWTPs, probably due to the almost unchanged influent flow, good removal performance, or bypass system employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence and removal of six pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) including caffeine (CF), N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), carbamazepine, metoprolol, trimethoprim (TMP), and sulpiride in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Shanghai, China were studied in January 2013; besides, grab samples of the influent were also taken every 6 h, to investigate the daily fluctuation of the wastewater influent. The results showed the concentrations of the investigated PPCPs ranged from 17 to 11,400 ng/L in the WWTP. A low variability of the PPCP concentrations in the wastewater influent throughout the day was observed, with the relative standard deviations less than 25 % for most samples. However, for TMP and CF, the slight daily fluctuation still reflected their consumption patterns. All the target compounds except CF and DEET, exhibited poor removal efficiencies (<40 %) by biological treatment process, probably due to the low temperature in the bioreactor, which was unfavorable for activated sludge. While for the two biodegradable PPCPs, CF, and DEET, the anaerobic and oxic tank made contributions to their removal while the anoxic tank had a negative effect to their elimination. The tertiary UV treatment removed the investigated PPCPs by 5-38 %, representing a crucial polishing step to compensate for the poor removal by the biologic treatment process in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing urbanization, urban air pollutants are becoming more and more relevant to human health. Here, combined with meteorological observation data, a numerical simulation of typical urban blocks in Shanghai was carried out to understand the spread of air pollutants caused by road traffic sources (ground–level and viaduct–level). Firstly, we analyzed the wind environment characteristics. Then, we quantitatively analyzed the pollutant distribution profiles and the contributions of two pollutant sources (PSV). Finally, we analyzed seven urban morphological parameters based on ventilation efficiency indices. Results revealed the following. (1) Ventilation patterns within the architectural complex are determined by local geometry; (2) Pollutants released at ground level were dominant when the Z–plane < 8 m high, and pollutants released from the viaduct source were 0.8–6.1% higher when the Z–plane ≥ 8 m high; (3) From ground level to a height of 60 m, the spatially–averaged normalized concentration (C*) tended to decrease gradually with distance from the source. C* increased irregularly with an increase in distance between 60 m and 86 m. Above 86 m, C* tended to increase linearly; (4) Vertical profiles of C* around buildings were building–specific, and their rate of change was inconsistent with height increases. In general, the correlations between C* and VRw, and between C* and KEturb were larger on the windward side of PSV upstream buildings than on the leeward side. Buildings downstream of the PSV showed the opposite situation; (5) At pedestrian level, the seven urban morphological parameters had no significant correlation with VRw, Cir*, and Czs*. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of foliar dust on spectral reflectance of vegetation leaves were explored. • The spectral regions and bands of the leaves sensitive to dust were screened out. • MLR model show a better performance for dust deposition capacity estimation than PLSR model. Ecological environment deterioration, especially air pollution, which was caused by rapid urbanization, has become a major issue to the public health and sustainability of cities. Capable of capturing and retaining atmospheric particles, urban vegetation can play an important role to improve urban ecological environment. This study selected six tree species that were commonly seen in Shanghai, China to monitor the ground hyperspectral data and dust deposition data of their leaves. Efforts were made to explore the influence of dust deposition on the spectral characteristics of leaves, screen the spectral bands sensitive to dust deposition, and establish the optimal dust deposition capacity estimation model based on the ground hyperspectral of leaves. Our results suggested that dust deposition had significant influences on the reflectance spectrum of leaves, and the derivative spectra of visible and infrared bands were more sensitive to dust deposition than other conversion forms of the reflectance spectrum. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model constructed based on the second derivative spectrum of leaves was more accurate in the estimation. Hopefully, our results can serve as a basis to estimate dust deposition capacity of urban vegetation by directly using remotely sensed imagery in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We developed a simple and cost effective dual beam diode laser spectrometer (OP-DBLS) for open path sensing of urban NO 2. • The achievable detection sensitivity of OP-DBLS is ∼200 pptv, and the spectrometer can be modified for sensing other pollutants. • The OP-DBLS was validated in a 13-day wintertime measurement campaign in the mega city of Shanghai, P. R. China. Fast and continuous in-situ monitoring of NO 2 in urban air using optical sensing has been a topic of research recently. Due to possible interferences from other absorbers, spectroscopic measurements across a broad absorption band of NO 2 are preferred over single-wavelength laser absorption measurements for specificity. While, in general, broadband spectrometers account for spectral interferences and exhibit high selectivity, laser spectrometers possess faster responses and higher sensitivity. In this study, we present an open-path and dual-beam laser absorption spectrometer (OP-DBLS) featured as sensitive, accurate and cost-effective urban NO 2 monitor with fast and easy operation. This instrument consists of two lasers operating at wavelengths close to the NO 2 absorption peak around 405 nm and the ratio of absorption at these wavelengths were used to remove cumulative influence of all broad baseline features such as aerosol interferences. The instrument was continuously operated for thirteen days at the middle ring road monitoring centre located in the northeast of Shanghai, P. R. China. The measurements were compared with concurrent measurements by a Chemiluminescence (CL) detector and the correlation of campaign-averaged hourly measurements depicting diurnal variations in NO 2 concentrations was found to be ∼0.8. Furthermore, results from comparison against four other air quality monitors deployed elsewhere in the city showed excellent consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper reveals properties of ride-sourcing customer order cancellation behavior from a real dataset. • This paper models customer order cancellation behavior in coupled ride-sourcing and taxi markets to explain the observed phenomena. • This paper illustrates the importance of appropriately designed penalty/compensation strategies to both platform profit and social welfare. In today's world, massive on-demand mobility requests are dispatched every hour on ride-sourcing platforms, however, customers later cancel quite a number of these confirmed orders. This paper makes the first attempt to look into this customer confirmed-order cancellation behaviour based on a two-month, hourly average dataset of Didi Express in Shanghai provided by Didi Chuxing. The mean ride distance and pick-up distance of cancelled orders are observed to be obviously longer than those of completed orders of the same time period, reflecting an obvious impact of travel cost on customer decisions of order cancellation. However, the correlation between the mean customer confirmed-order cancellation rate (COCR) and the mean customer waiting time for pick-up of cancelled orders is significantly negative. Shanghai, like many other cities around the world, has coupled ride-sourcing and taxi markets, and as such, this counter-intuitive phenomenon can be explained as an outcome of the lower (higher) chance of meeting vacant taxis while waiting for pick-up during peak (non-peak) hours. We formulate COCR as a function of customer waiting time for ride-sourcing vehicles and cruising taxis, the penalty strategy by the platform for cancellation of confirmed orders, and customers' own characteristics (i.e., ride distance, value of time, perceived psychological cost of order cancellation, additional safety concern over ride-sourcing), and propose a system of nonlinear equations to depict the complex interactions between the ride-sourcing and taxi markets considering the probability of ride-sourcing cancellation after order confirmation. With the proposed model, we replicate the observed lower COCR under a higher demand rate and longer waiting time for pick-up through numerical examples, and highlight the potential improvement of platform profit that can be achieved by appropriately designed penalty/compensation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]