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The escalation of urban traffic congestion has reached a critical extent due to rapid urbanization, capturing considerable attention within urban science and transportation research. Although preceding studies have validated the scale-free distributions in spatio-temporal congestion clusters across cities, the influence of travel demand on that distribution has yet to be explored. Using a unique traffic dataset during the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai 2022, we present empirical evidence that travel demand plays a pivotal role in shaping the scaling laws of traffic congestion. We uncover a noteworthy negative linear correlation between the travel demand and the traffic resilience represented by scaling exponents of congestion cluster size and recovery duration. Additionally, we reveal that travel demand broadly dominates the scale of congestion in the form of scaling laws, including the aggregated volume of congestion clusters, the number of congestion clusters, and the number of congested roads. Subsequent micro-level analysis of congestion propagation also unveils that cascade diffusion determines the demand sensitivity of congestion, while other intrinsic components, namely spontaneous generation and dissipation, are rather stable. Our findings of traffic congestion under diverse travel demand can profoundly enrich our understanding of the scale-free nature of traffic congestion and provide insights into internal mechanisms of congestion propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We found that 11 outbreak patients and 18 community patients were grouped into three clusters (Figure 1B), containing 3, 7 and 19 patients, respectively, suggesting frequent TB transmission between outbreak and community patients. Possible strategies for increasing TB control might include TB screening and TB education for all migrants applying for work. The WGS database of all TB strains isolated from patients in Songjiang since 2011 was very useful for identifying the transmission chains and should remain a valuable tool for defining local TB epidemiology. All 12 patients were diagnosed with severe tuberculosis (TB) and three of the patients (P05, P08, P09) died, whereas the rest were treated and cured. [Extracted from the article]

Obtaining crowd flow distribution with recognized human intention is extremely valuable for a series of applications for metropolitan cities. Previous solutions look at spatial correlation and temporal periodicity based on historical crowd flow information to calculate future crowd flow distribution. However, these mechanisms cannot recognize the intention behind crowd flow. We address this problem by leveraging a key insight – people's intention behind their movement is highly correlated with the point-of-interest (POI) distribution of the corresponding regions and adjacent regions. Therefore, we propose DeepFlowGen to model the complicated relationship between crowd flow, POI, check-ins, and time to generate intention-aware crowd flow. Specifically, we solve the conflict between dynamic crowd flow and static POI distribution by fusing the information in both time and POI domains. Besides, we employ a sequence of residual blocks in DeepFlowGen to address the challenges of modeling the diverse temporal rhythms and heterogeneous influence of POI. Furthermore, we examine the generated intention-aware crowd flow from two aspects to substantiate the reasonability of DeepFlowGen. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions by at most 30 percent in terms of NRMSE of total crowd flow. Moreover, the correlation between the generated intention-aware crowd flow and the check-in distribution across different categories of POIs is as high as 0.90 and 0.80 in Beijing and Shanghai. Combined with extensive case studies, we demonstrate the strong ability of our model in generating intention-aware crowd flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic building rooftop extraction is of great importance to many applications including building reconstruction, solar energy supply, and disaster management. This study proposes a building rooftop extraction method using DSM data generated from aerial stereo images and vegetation cover vector data. The method consists of five steps: noise filtering, dilation reconstruction, vegetation and terrain region removal, region growing and merging, and post-processing. We applied the proposed method to the centre of Shanghai, China, a typical urban area. Experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully extract building rooftops, with an approximately 82.6% quality percentage and 96.2% matched overlay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE Atrial fibrillation (AF) and hypertension are prevalent chronic disease conditions in the elderly population. In the present cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between blood pressure (BP) and AF in an elderly Chinese population. METHOD Our elderly (≥65 years) subjects were residents recruited from 6 communities in Shanghai from 2006 to 2017. Atrial fibrillation was systematically screened by rest 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) or by a handheld single-lead ECG. BP status was defined according to the European hypertension guidelines as optimal, normal, or high-normal BP, and stage 1, 2, or 3 hypertension. RESULT In the 6,966 participants (women 56.0%, mean age: 72.3 years), the prevalence of AF was 3.3%, and the prevalence of hypertension was 58.7% (83.7% treated). In all participants, the association with prevalent AF was negative for systolic BP (odds ratio [OR] per 10-mm Hg increase 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71–0.88, P < 0.0001) but positive for diastolic BP (OR per 5-mm Hg increase 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.22, P = 0.02). In untreated participants (n = 3,544), the association with prevalent AF was U-shaped for both systolic and diastolic BP, with the nadir at high-normal BP and a significantly higher risk of prevalent AF in optimal systolic BP (OR: 3.11, 95% CI: 1.65–5.85, P = 0.004) and stage 2 or 3 diastolic hypertension relative to the nadir (OR: 8.04, 95% CI: 2.28–28.3, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION In the elderly population, BP shows a complicated relationship with prevalent AF, with high-normal BP at the lowest risk and optimal systolic BP and stage 2 or 3 diastolic hypertension at increased risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

aiming Shi, Yong Li On behalf of the UPPDATE InvestigatorsCardiology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiufang Gao; Yong LiCardiology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Mid Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of ChinaTel +86-021-52887061Email [email protected] ; [email protected] Purpose: We sought to investigate and improve the integrated management of hypertension in general and community hospitals in China. Patients and Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study in 90 centers from 15 cities in China from 2017 to 2018. Patients with primary hypertension were included. Results: Of the total 4286 patients included, 43.2% of them controlled blood pressure (BP) below 140/90 mmHg while only 11.5% controlled BP below 130/80 mmHg. The control rate of low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) in patients with concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) was 24.7%, 49.4%, and 40.6%, respectively. Thirty-one percent of the DM patients had HbA1c levels greater than 8% while 21.7% of the non-DM patients had HbA1c≥ 6.5%. The control rate of body mass index (BMI) was 54.4% in men and 59.8% in women. As compared to patients from community hospitals, patients from general hospitals had poorer control of BP< 140/90 mmHg (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.55– 0.73, p< 0.001), comparatively better attainment of LDL-C, particularly < 1.8 mmol/L in CAD (OR 3.25, 95% CI 2.02– 5.24, p< 0.001), similar control of HbA1c < 8.0% in diabetes (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41– 1.00, p=0.052) and comparatively worse achievement of BMI< 25 kg/m2 (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63– 0.83, p< 0.001). Conclusion: The integrated management of hypertension needs to be improved. Besides LDL-C, the management of BP, blood glucose (BG), and BMI need to be strengthened in not only community hospitals but also general hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A grid scheme with buffer was proposed to estimate solar radiance at building-scale. • A four-quadrant based segmentation method was designed to distinguish rooftop type. • Two scenarios were set up to assess rooftop's solar energy utilization potential. • A successful application in Shanghai revealed the details of solar energy potential. The assessment of potential and utilization of solar energy for each building has become an essential precondition of urban sustainable development. Currently, there are two challenges, namely high computation cost for an assessment within a large city and missing rooftop information for each building. In this study, by taking the downtown area in Shanghai as sample, a grid scheme with buffer was proposed to alleviate the computational burden and successfully estimate solar radiation with an accuracy of 0.91. Also, a quadrant-based segmentation method was developed to classify rooftop types with an overall accuracy of 83.63%, which helps better calculate solar energy utilization cost. Finally, we assumed PhotoVoltaic conversion (PV) systems or Domestic Solar Water Heater (DSWH) systems are installed on all suitable rooftops and analyzed their utilization cost, as well as economic and ecological benefits. The results show that 165,529 and 52,131 buildings are suitable for PV and DSWH systems, respectively. PV system's average payback time is about five years with reducing standard coal consumption of 1.85 × 1011kg. The DSWH system requires three more years to balance the cost and benefits. The criteria of further solar energy planning are also concluded from three perspectives: building height and density, and rooftop structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact duration between moving vehicles is one of the key metrics in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), that critically influences the design of routing schemes and network throughput. Due to prohibitive costs to collect enough realistic contact records, little experimental work has been conducted to study the contact duration in urban VANETs. In this work, we carry out an extensive experiment involving tens of thousands of operational taxis in Beijing city. Based on studying this newly collected Beijing trace and the existing Shanghai trace, we find an invariant characteristic that there exists a characteristic time point, up to which the contact duration obeys an exponential distribution that includes at least 80% of the whole distribution, while beyond which it decays as a power law one. This property is in sharp contrast to the recent empirical data studies based on human mobility, where the contact duration exhibits a power law distribution. Our observations thus provide fundamental guidelines for the design of new urban VANETs' routing protocols and their performance evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social network analysis (SNA), centrality and centralization are two pointer variables of structure position, and power for measuring a person or team in the network, is also two key index to describe power. Paper analyzed the relation of power and relationship in complex projects organization, and method of power quantification, i.e., six index definition and formula: Unit centrality, organization Centralization, unit betweenness centrality, organization betweenness centralization, unit closeness centrality and organization closeness centralization, to measure power of one unit and whole organization. Taking 2010 Shanghai Expo as a case, paper studied power definition distinguish between formal project organization structure and social network, and power compare in this two different views. As a conclusion, two kinds of power description and measuring above are inconsistent, but the latter result more corresponds to practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the fractal structure of China's stock market by calculating the multifractal singularity spectrum and comparing the scaling behavior of the bubble phase of eight abnormal volatilities with that of normal fluctuation on the timeline. We find robust evidence that the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index has multifractal features in the bubble and normal fluctuation periods, where the higher multifractality is associated with a bubble and more unstable market. The short-sighted administrative policies cause over-supply of intervention, which enhances the multifractality and increases the instability of the stock market. The multifractal parameter set (α 0 , Δ α , − B) might be used as a quantifier to characterize the status of the stock market. A policy aimed to improve the stability of the stock market should be devoted to optimizing the parameter set. • A multifractal process for the SSECI both in bubble and normal status are supported. • The parameter set (α 0 , Δ α , − B) distinguish the bubble from normal status well. • The marketization degree has a significant impact on the spectra of the SSECI bubbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 primary strain-based vaccination exerts a protective effect against Omicron variants-initiated infection, symptom occurrence, and disease severity in a booster-dependent manner. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. During the 2022 Omicron outbreak in Shanghai, we enrolled 122 infected adults and 50 uninfected controls who had been unvaccinated or vaccinated with two or three doses of COVID-19 inactive vaccines and performed integrative analysis of 41-plex CyTOF, RNA-seq, and Olink on their peripheral blood samples. The frequencies of HLA-DRhi classical monocytes, non-classical monocytes, and Th1-like Tem tended to increase, whereas the frequency of Treg was reduced by booster vaccine, and they influenced symptom occurrence in a vaccine dose-dependent manner. Intercorrelation and mechanistic analysis suggested that the booster vaccination induced monocytic training, which would prime monocytic activation and maturation rather than differentiating into myeloid-derived suppressive cells upon Omicron infections. Overall, our study provides insights into how booster vaccination elaborates protective immunity across SARS-CoV-2 variants. [Display omitted] • Vaccination histories with inactivated virus influence Omicron-triggered immunity • Innate immunity and Th1 cells are primed by three doses of inactivated virus vaccine • Innate immunity or T cell activation state associates with asymptomatic infection • Monocytic training by inactive vaccine prepares host to cope with Omicron challenge Analysis of immune responses induced by inactivated virus vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, with and without Omicron variant infection, provides insight into the relative effects of single and double boosting for the large population that received this form of COVID-19 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's distinct rural revitalization process has attracted global attention due to its impressive speed, massive scale, and policy interventions. A relatively limited amount of research has been conducted on how rural transition characteristics and policy mechanisms are interrelated at the micro level. To fill this research gap, following the main research thread of dividing rural development stages, revealing transition characteristics and exploring policy mechanisms, this paper utilizes a participatory rural appraisal, a landscape metrics analysis, and in-depth interviews to analyze the spatial transition laws of Dayu Village. First, the results show that the village experienced three stages from 1990 to 2020: strict homestead control, village relocation, and land consolidation. Second, the village exhibits multidimensional transition characteristics. With a reduced rural settlement area, regular patch formation, and a dense interior subdivision of rural houses, the land use layout changed from homogeneous to multiple nests. As the industrial structure became more diversified, the villagers' livelihoods became more differentiated. Inflows of tourists and migrants changed the population structure, causing social relations to become defamiliarized. Moreover, mechanism research finds that policy can promote rural settlement transition by allocating land resources and regulating village behavior. The policy's scope expanded from a single settlement to the whole village, optimizing external forces, with village behavior effects acting as an internal force. The degree of matching between policy formulation and villagers' needs is the key to promoting the transition of rural settlements. This research deepens the understanding of the transition laws of suburban villages in megacities in developing countries at the micro scale and provides a reference for land policies in similar villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article locates one of the earliest charitable performances organized by prostitutes in 1907 in two cities, Shanghai and Beijing. It examines the ways in which each social group prostitutes in the name of jijie (prostitute circles)/huajie (circles of flowers), the male elites who helped them manage the performances, and the newspaper commentators who responded to these events in mass media reconceptualized the formation of their identities, the transformation of their businesses, and the negotiation of their relationship with the emerging society and the nation in the last decade of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). It argues that the charitable performances not only cultivated the civic virtue of every group involved within a newly restructured society that prioritized public morals and nationalistic devotion, they also promoted person gain in terms of social status and reputation. To a large extent, these performances help us understand such bigger issues as female sexuality, the prostitution business, elite dominance, and the reform of China within the larger urban, social, and ideological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the concept of 'educational screen practice,' this article aims to integrate the history of modern Chinese media—which has been dichotomised into pre-cinema and après-cinema—the history of lantern slides screenings and film screenings, and the history of educational and entertainment films. Lantern slides were brought to China at the end of the nineteenth century, and soon afterward they were used in Western-style schools and other educational institutions as a teaching tool to impart modern knowledge. At the beginning of the twentieth century, showing lantern slides and films became a popular leisure activity for students in new-style schools. At the same time, students studied in Japan began to use lantern slides and films for popular education. By the 1910s, the Jiangsu Educational Association and the Shanghai YMCA made active use of lantern slides and films to popularise the practice of visual screenings. The widespread use of visual media for popular education in the 1910s involved personnel that would emerge a decade later as leaders of the Chinese film industry and created a potential audience for cinema. To oversee educational screen practices more effectively, the Commercial Press and the Star Motion Picture Company operated as media conglomerates that encompassed film and print media and contributed to an 'industry of enlightenment' (Leo Ou-fan Lee). Thus, revising Chinese film history in terms of educational screen practices opens up a new horizon in the history of visual culture, connecting the divided histories of cinema and pre-cinema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we reconsider the defining but often overlooked 'hinge' function of megalopolises by analyzing how megalopolises have articulated national and international urban systems in the context of a globalizing knowledge economy. Taking the case of China's Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, we particularly focus on knowledge circulation within and beyond the YRD region by analyzing the pattern and process of knowledge collaboration at different geographical scales during the 2004-2014 period. Results show that the structure of scientific knowledge collaboration as reflected by co-publications has been strongest at the national scale whereas that of technological knowledge collaboration as measured by co-patents has been strongest at the global scale. Despite this difference, the structure of both scientific and technological knowledge collaboration has been functionally polycentric at the megalopolitan scale but become less so at the national and global scales. The 'globally connected but locally disconnected' pattern of Shanghai's external knowledge collaboration suggests that the gateway role of the YRD megalopolis in promoting knowledge collaboration at different geographical scales will take time before it is fully realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric chlorine (Cl)- and nitrogen (N)-containing species such as Cl 2 , ClNO 2 , and N 2 O 5 participate actively in atmospheric chemistry by triggering radical reactions that lead to the formation of secondary pollutants. Despite of their importance in atmospheric chemistry, the measurements of these species are scarce, due to analytical challenges. Herein, we report observation results of Cl 2 , ClNO 2 , and N 2 O 5 from measurements using high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-CIMS) in Shanghai and Changzhou in the highly industrialized and populated Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of East China. In Changzhou, the maximum concentrations of N 2 O 5, ClNO 2 , and Cl 2 , were 0.4, 1.3, and 0.5 ppbv (1-min averages), respectively, while they were 0.5, 5.7, and 1.1 ppbv, respectively, in Shanghai. Much higher ClNO 2 levels were found in Shanghai compared to Changzhou, although the concentrations of the precursor (N 2 O 5) are similar, indicating different heterogenous N 2 O 5 uptake and Cl activation efficiency at these two sites. The diurnal variation of Cl 2 in Shanghai shows a strong daytime peak, which is contradictory to its fast lost by photolysis during daytime; the diurnal pattern of Cl 2 in Changzhou shows a prominent night peak and a much smaller daytime peak than that in Shanghai. The heterogeneous uptake of ClNO 2 and the photolysis of O 3 on chloride-containing aerosols are believed to contribute to efficient Cl 2 formation at night and day, respectively. The estimated heterogeneous uptake coefficient of O 3 is 0.004 ± 0.007, with a maximum of 0.034. Further analysis on these heterogeneous reactions with the help of aerosol composition data (chloride, liquid water content, pH etc.) was also performed to ascertain the role of the secondary formation of Cl 2 in daytime Shanghai. Through simple estimation methods, the maximum daytime production rate of Cl 2 was estimated to be 0.95 ppbv h−1, while daytime photolysis of Cl 2 contributed to 98% of Cl formation. Our results indicate that there is a large secondary source of Cl 2 in the YRD region during the day, which can contribute substantially to Cl formation and requires more investigations. [Display omitted] • Highly time-resolved concentrations of Cl 2 , ClNO 2 , and N 2 O 5 in the Yangtze River Delta of East China were measured. • Uptake coefficients of N 2 O 5 and production yield of ClNO 2 were estimated. • A large source of Cl 2 during the day in urban Shanghai was revealed and discussed. • Daytime Cl production rates from Cl 2 and ClNO 2 were estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 123 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates from diarrheal patients from June to December 2012 in Shanghai, China, were examined to determine their genetic relatedness using multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and for the presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility. Twenty-nine sequence types (STs) and 63 PFGE patterns were identified, and results from the 2 subtyping methods correlated well. The 12 isolates of PFGE cluster B all belonged to ST-2332 and were associated with nosocomial neonatal diarrhea. Isolates of a cluster usually had the same set of virulence factors, whereas isolates of different PFGE clusters carried diverse combinations of virulence determinants. Isolates belonging to ST-2332 and ST-182 ( n = 9) were resistant to at least 6 antimicrobials. Our findings highlighted the need of active surveillance programs for infectious diseases collecting data at both epidemiological and genetic levels that can detect high-risk lineages of pathogens in order to rapidly identify disease outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field campaign was conducted to measure and analyze 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six major zones in the city of Shanghai, P.R. China from August 2006 to April 2007. Ambient air samples were collected seasonally using passive air samplers, and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy was used in this field campaign. The results showed that there was a sequence of 13 PAHs at Phen > FA > Pyr > Chr > Fl > An > BaA > BbFA > BghiP > IcdP > BkFA > BaP > DahA and the sum of these PAHs is 36.01 ± 10.85 ng/m3 in gas phase. FL, Phen, FA, Pyr, and Chr were the dominant PAHs in gas phase in the city. They contributed 90% of total PAHs in the gas phase. Proportion of measured PAHs with three, four, five, and six rings to total PAHs was 53%, 42%, 3%, and 2%, respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPAHs (the sum of 13 PAHs) occurred in the wintertime and the lowest was in the summer. This investigation suggested that traffic, wood combustion, and metal scrap burn emissions were dominant sources of the concentrations of PAHs in six city zones compared with coal burning and industry emissions. Further, the traffic emission sources of PAHs in the city were attributed mostly to gasoline-powered vehicles compared with diesel-powered vehicles. It was revealed that the seasonal changes in PAHs in the city depended on different source types. Metal scrap burn was found to be the major source of PAHs during the autumn, while the PAH levels in the atmosphere for winter and spring seasons were mainly influenced by wood and biomass combustion. Comparisons of PAHs among different city zones and with several other cities worldwide were also made and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Shanghai is progressively transforming itself into a brand of its own en route to the status of a world-class city. Receiving strong support and planning attention from both the central and municipal government, Shanghai has removed a significant number of conventional trade barriers, and its integration with advanced capitalist economies has been strengthened after Chinas entry into the World Trade Organisation in 2001. Concomitantly however, the undercurrent of the quasi-hidden human factor, the temporary migrant labour or floating population (liudong renkou) must not be neglected. How have they contributed and will they continue to contribute towards Shanghais realisation of its ambition? Indeed, the high rates of?economic growth are achieved against the backdrop of their participation. Without residence permits, many bear the contempt and discrimination of the local population. This paper addresses the issue of integrating the floating population into Shanghais plan to become a global hub. First, it examines the potential contributions of low-ordered services of migrants in transforming Shanghais cityscape as it responds to globalisation following urban reforms. Next, based on the survey results, the perceptions and living experience of the floating population are analysed. Primary survey data collected in November 2002 are used as empirical evidence, illustrating the experience of the migrants and the problems they face. Arguments are focused on the dualistic nature of the floating population in Shanghais globalisation processes economic inclusion and social exclusion in the form of marginalisation as a source of social ills. Finally, the paper addresses the municipal governments management plans for accommodating the floating population [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]