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Benefiting from the development of high‐brilliance synchrotron radiation sources, microbeam X‐ray scattering has become a well established scattering‐based imaging technology. This article describes the newly constructed time‐resolved microbeam small‐angle X‐ray scattering (µSAXS) experimental station at the BL10U1 beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The µSAXS endstation provides SAXS/WAXS measurements with a 10 µm hard X‐ray beam and a flux of ∼1012 photons s−1. A multi‐axis sample stage, an on‐axis viewer and in situ experimental apparatus are incorporated to facilitate multi‐method scientific experiments in various material fields. As scientific examples, this article explores 1D tomography, 2D mapping and tomographic sectioning based on X‐ray scattering to investigate the micro–nanostructures of polymer fiber, spherulite and bamboo samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]