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PURPOSE: To explore the feasibility of building craniomaxillofacial three-dimensional (3-D) photo-realistic model by texture mapping and to realize 3-D morphometry and virtual display. METHODS: Based on surface parameterization method of the conjugate gradient algorithm, the texture mapping software was developed to construct craniomaxillofacial 3-D photo-realistic model. 3-D model including both soft and hard tissues were reconstructed from sequential CT slices. Texture mapping was established with anatomic landmarks of the facial soft tissue between color portraits and 3-D model. Three digitized color portraits were blended and texture-mapped onto the 3-D head model. Facial morphometry and 3-D measurement were performed and virtual human face was displayed in virtual reality environment. RESULTS: Texture mapping was established by an ideal relation between the portraits and 3-D model. Craniomaxillofacial 3-D morphology model including the information of soft and hard tissue anatomy, color and texture was built. Photo-realistic craniomaxillofacial model could be viewed from an arbitrary angle and 3-D morphometry was performed. CONCLUSION: Texture mapping was regarded as an ideal valuable alternative in building a photo-realistic virtual human face for craniomaxillofacial morphometry, diagnosis, treatment planning and postoperative prediction. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30872906), Key Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No. 074119511), Research Fund of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No. 08DZ2271100), and Research Fund of Medicine and Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Grant No.YG2007ZD09). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral temporomandibular joint disk displacement without reduction and facial symmetry. METHODS: 17 individuals (aged from 13 to 28), including 15 females and 2 males, with unilateral TMJ disk displacement without reduction were included. Computerized tomography scans were performed for each patient. Three-dimensional virtual skulls were reconstructed from CT data with Simplant11.04 software. Measuring points were defined on facial skeleton as well as teeth. We set Frankfort horizontal plane and sagital plane as reference planes. Asymmetric character of glenoid fossa region, mandible and maxillary occlusal plane cant were observed. The three-dimensional data of normal side and disk displacement side was analyzed by paired t tests with SPSS11.0 software package. RESULTS: It was observed that the vertical position of Po (the most superior point of the external auditory canal), ArE (crest of the articular eminence) and GIF (roof of glenoid fossa) in disk displacement side was significantly more inferior than the normal side (P<0.05). Subjects with unilateral TMJ disk displacement without reduction had shorter condylar height(P<0.01), shorter ramus height (P<0.01) and shorter mandibular body (P<0.05) in disk displacement side compared with normal side. The mandibular midpoint deviated toward the disk displacement side ranging from 0.72ram to 7.66mm (mean 3.62±2.49mm). In addition, all of those subjects had eanted maxillary occlusal planes. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral TMJ disk displacement without reduction might cause facial asymmetry. Glenoid fossa region, mandible and maxillary occlusal plane were involved in. The results indicate that the amount of asymmetry appear mainly in condylar height. Supported by Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No.Y0203). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the outcome and stability of combined surgical anti orthodontic treatment of severe maxillary anterior teeth and dentoalveolar bone protrusion. METHODS: Twenty-eight adults with severe bimaxillary protrusion were included. Presurgical orthodontic treatment coordinated axis of upper anteriors and dentoalveolar bone. Maxilla was impacted and set back by Le Fort I osteotomy and maxillary anterior segmental osteotomy, while upper anteriors and dentoalveolar bone were uprighted and retracted. Post-surgical orthedontic treatment detailed the occlusion. Each patient underwent X ray examination at five time points including pre-treatment, pre-surgery, one month after surgery, three months after surgery and post-treatment. Hard tissue and soft tissue changes were investigated by cephalometric analysis. The data were analyzed by paired t tests with SPSS12.0 software package. RESULTS: It was observed that upper anteriors were uprighted and retracted (11.77±9.9)° (P<0.001) after treatment while dentoalveolar bone was uprighted (6.24±3.9)°(P<0.001). UI-LI angle increased (19.4±8.6)°(P<0.001), UI-Apog distance decreased (6.62±2.2)mm (P<0.001). The thickness of alveolus on anterior teeth labial side showed no change (P>0.05). The treatment outcome demonstrated a significant improvement in soft tissue profile. Nasolabial angle increased (11.06±11.8)° (P<0.001), upper and lower lips moved backword, and pog' moved forward. Most measurements showed no significant difference from surgery time to post treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Combined surgical and orthodontic treatment is a very effective procedure in treatment of severe maxillary anterior teeth and dentoalveolar bone protrusion and gummy smile. It remains the thickness of alveolus on anterior teeth labial side. It shows big improvement in soft tissue profile and great stability. Supported by Shanghai beading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No.Y0203). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tap water samples were collected from the users’ ends in several areas of Shanghai, which is located in Taihu Lake basin, Eastern China. Source water samples were also collected from two municipal source water facilities at the same time. Samples were assayed by three different short-term mutagenicity test systems: Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test), the Arabinose resistance test (Ara test) and the SOS/umu test. The data showed that two source water samples did not display direct mutagenic potentials. Two tap water samples from city north, which were directly from Yangtze River, were also not mutagenic. Water samples from city south and middle which used source water originating from Taihu Lake were proved to be contaminated with mutagenic potentials by three different assay techniques. The boiled water displayed an even stronger mutagenic potential compared to its original tap water. The molecular mechanism of mutagenicity was associated with a reading frame-shifting potential. GC–MS analysis of tap water extracts from city middle and corresponding source water was compared. Qualitatively similar spectra were observed except for the peaks of three chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, which existed only in the tap water. Since the water source has been polluted, raw water was heavily chlorinated in order to sterilize. More toxic compounds, including mutagens, might form during the multi-chlorination. Caution about the possibility of elevated cancer risks in the population that consumes heavily chlorinated water should be kept in mind. A cohort study in the residents of Shanghai is required. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]