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The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using currently available emergency department (ED) records to retrospectively ascertain the prevalence and characteristics of episodes of medically treated deliberate self-harm (DSH). Discussions with ED staff identified 10 ED diagnoses in persons 12 years of age or older that were commonly used for episodes of DSH and another 7 injury-related diagnoses that could, under specific conditions, be acts of DSH. A retrospective analysis of the ED registry of one large general hospital in Shanghai for 2007 to 2010 identified all cases with one of these diagnoses. Diagnosis-specific algorithms based on the characteristics of each case were applied to classify cases as “probable DSH,” “possible DSH” or “probably not DSH.” The 1,495 cases of DSH identified accounted for 0.2% of all ED admissions over the 4 years; only 6 of them (0.4%) had an ED diagnosis of “suicide attempt.” Three ED diagnoses—overdose of medication, fall from height, and pesticide ingestion—accounted for 1,275 (85.3%) of the DSH cases. There were substantial differences in the characteristics of male and female cases of DSH and a 43% drop in the proportion of ED admissions for DSH over the 4 years. In locations where it is not feasible to develop prospective registries of suicide attempts treated in EDs, retrospective analysis of ED records that use algorithms to classify the intentionality of injuries can provide estimates of the prevalence and characteristics of medically treated episodes of DSH. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]