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Background: Family doctors in rural China are the main force for primary health care, but the workforce has not been well stabilized in recent years. Surface acting is an emotional labor strategy with a disparity between inner feelings and emotional displays, provoking negative effects such as emotional exhaustion, occupational commitment reduction, and, consequently, increasing turnover rate. With the Conservation of Resources theory, this study explores how the surface acting of rural family doctors affects turnover intention through emotional exhaustion and investigates what role occupational commitment plays in this relationship. Methods: With a valid response rate of 93.89%, 953 valid data were collected by an anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey in December 2021 in Shandong Province, China. Cronbach's Alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to estimate reliability and construct validity, respectively. The PROCESS macro in SPSS was performed to analyze the mediating and moderated mediation effects of surface acting, emotional exhaustion, occupational commitment, and turnover intention. Results: Reliability and validity indicated that the measurement instruments were acceptable. Surface acting had a direct positive effect on turnover intention (β = 0.481, 95% CI [0.420, 0.543]). Emotional exhaustion partially mediated the effect of surface acting on turnover intention (indirect effect: 0.214, 95% CI [0.175, 0.256]). Occupational commitment moderated the effect of emotional exhaustion on turnover intention (β = − 0.065, 95% CI [− 0.111, − 0.019]), and moderated the indirect effect of surface acting on turnover intention via emotional exhaustion (index of moderated mediation: − 0.035). Conclusions: Emotional exhaustion partially mediates the relationship between surface acting and turnover intention among family doctors in rural China, and occupational commitment moderates the direct effect of emotional exhaustion on turnover intention and further moderates the mediating effect. Policymakers should pay more attention to the effects of emotional labor and emotional resource depletion on the stability of rural health human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfgrass Phyllospadix iwatensis has been declining in the past decades. Transplantation is considered to be the best option to restore the degraded surfgrass beds due to its low seed production. To develop a surfgrass transplanting strategy to increase transplant survival rate and also to minimize damage to donor beds when harvesting transplants, an experiment was conducted to assess the effects of rhizome and root trimming on transplant survival and growth. P. iwatensis shoots with different rhizome and root trimming treatments were planted in a subtidal area in Mashanli at the east end of Shandong Peninsula, China in September 2018, and after the transplantation, a bi-monthly sampling had been conducted for one year. The results showed that, at the early stage of transplantation, the transplant survival rates of all four treatment groups decreased to the lowest at four months after transplantation, and then gradually increased until reaching at least 103.2% in all the treatment groups at the end of the experiment, and the transplants with roots on both short and long rhizomes had a significantly higher survival rate than those without roots. The results also showed that, although the morphological measurements, as well as the above- and below-ground productivity varied greatly with time and among different treatments during the study period, most of them showed no significant differences between treatments at the end of the experiment. These results suggest that surfgrass shoots with roots and a short rhizome are the most strongly recommended transplant candidates, and those with a short rhizome without roots are also good candidates, which might help make full use of harvested plants, optimize transplant harvesting strategies, and hence minimize damage to donor meadows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]