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This study aims to examine the association between short-term exposure to ambient PM1, PM1-2.5, and PM2.5 and forced vital capacity (FVC). Population data were obtained from a school-based cross-sectional survey in Shandong in 2014. Distributed lag non-linear models were used to examine the association between exposure to PM1, PM1–2.5, and PM2.5 and FVC at the day of FVC measurement and the previous 6 days (lag 0 to 6 days). A total of 35,334 students aged 9 to 18 years were included in the study, and the mean exposure concentrations of ambient PM1, PM1–2.5, and PM2.5 for them were 47.4 (standard deviation [SD] = 21.3) μg/m3, 32.8 (SD = 32.2) μg/m3, and 80.1 (SD = 47.7) μg/m3, respectively. An inter-quartile range (IQR, 24 μg/m3) increment in exposure to PM1 was significantly associated with a lower FVC at lag 0 and lag 1 day (β = − 80 mL, 95% CI = − 119, − 42, and β = − 37 mL, 95% CI = − 59, − 16, respectively), and an IQR (54 μg/m3) increment in exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with a lower FVC at lag 0 and lag 1 day (β = − 57 mL, 95% CI = − 89, − 18, and β = − 34 mL, 95% CI = − 56, − 12, respectively) after adjustment for gender, age, body mass index category, residence, month of the survey, intake of eggs, intake of milk, physical activity, and screen time. No significant associations were observed for PM1–2.5. The inverse associations of PM1 and PM2.5 with FVC were larger in males, younger children, those overweight or obese, and those with insufficient physical activity levels. Short-term exposure to ambient PM1 and PM2.5 was associated with decreased FVC, and PM1 may be the primary fraction of PM2.5 causing the adverse pulmonary effects. Our findings emphasize the need to address ambient PM, especially PM1, pollution for affecting pulmonary health in children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and PM 10 is associated with increased risk of mortality and hospital admissions for stroke. However, there is less evidence regarding the effect of exposure to PM 1 on stroke incidence. We estimated the incidence risk of stroke and the attributable fractions related to short-term exposure to ambient PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 in China. County-specific incidence of stroke was obtained from health statistics in years 2014–2019. We linked county-level mean daily concentrations of PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 with stroke incidence. We used the time stratified case-crossover design to estimate the associations between stroke incidence and exposure to PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10. We also estimated the disease burden fractions attributable to PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10. The study included a total of 2,193,954 stroke, from which 1,861,331 were ischemic and 332,623 were hemorrhagic stroke. PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 levels were associated with increased risks of total stroke and ischemic stroke at when assessing the associations in exposure at lag0−4 days. The increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 was associated with total stroke, and the relative risks were 1.012 (95% confidence interval: 1.008, 1.015), 1.006 (1.004, 1.007) and 1.003 (1.002, 1.004), while the associations with ischemic stroke were 1.013 (1.010, 1.017), 1.006 (1.005, 1.008) and 1.003 (1.002, 1.004), respectively. There was no significant association between PM and risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The attributable fractions of total stroke were 6.9% (5.1%, 8.5%), 5.6% (4.2%, 6.8%) and 5.6% (3.9%, 7.1%) for PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 , respectively. PM 1 showed a stronger association with stroke, with a larger attributable fraction of outcomes, than PM 2.5 and PM 10. Clean air policies should target the whole scope of PM, including PM 1. • Exposure to PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 at lag0–4 day may lead to ischemic stroke. • PM 1 has stronger association with ischemic stroke incidence than PM 2.5 and PM 10. • Social deprivation may strengthen the PM-stroke association. • Future air clean policies should cover the scope of PM 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited evidence exists regarding the effect of exposure to ambient particle matters with aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm (PM 1) in a short-term on blood pressure (BP) in the pediatric population. This study aims to examine the association between short-term exposure to ambient PM 1 on BP in children and adolescents. Population data were obtained from a large cross-sectional survey from 102 schools in Shandong Province, China. Daily air pollution data were collected, and individual exposure level was assigned based on coordinates of school addresses. Distributed lag non-linear models incorporated with a linear mixed model were used. A total of 35241 students aged 9–18 years were included in the study, and the mean values of PM 1 , particle matters with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM 2.5), and ≤10 μm (PM 10) at the schools during the study period were 50.8 (SD = 7.2) μg/m3, 75.5 (SD = 14.7) μg/m3, and 138.9 (SD = 25.9) μg/m3, respectively. We found that per 10 μg/m3 increment in a cumulative exposure of PM 1 at lag 0 and lag 1 day was significantly associated with a higher systolic BP (SBP, β = 1.46 mmHg), diastolic BP (DBP, β = 1.20 mmHg, 95% CI = 0.52 to 1.88), mean arterial pressure (MAP, β = 1.28 mmHg, 95% CI = 0.61 to 1.96), and pulse pressure (PP, β = 0.65 mmHg, 95% CI = 0.14 to 1.16), after adjusting for other air pollutants and individual covariates (including sex, age, BMI, residence, month of the survey, intake of eggs, intake of milk, physical activity, and screen time). The above associations were stronger in magnitude than for PM 2.5 - and PM 10 -related associations. The associations of PM 1 with SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP were stronger among females, younger children, those overweight or obese, and those with insufficient physical activity levels. In conclusion, the susceptible window of short-term exposure to ambient PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 on BP levels for children and adolescents are lag 0 and lag 1 day, with PM 1 exhibiting a stronger association. Future interventions should be conducted to reduce the impact of PM exposure, especially PM 1 , on health in children and adolescents. • Exposure to PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 at lag 0 and 1 day may affect blood pressure level. • PM 1 has stronger association with blood pressure level than PM 2.5 and PM 10. • Future air clean policies should cover the scope of PM 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]