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The COVID-19 pandemic that began 2019, as a worldwide public health crisis, has deeply affected and changed the daily life of many people. Urban residents were vulnerable and fragile in this pandemic, because high population density areas are at higher risk of infection and fatality. Vulnerability analysis has focused on infectious disease exposure, public health facilities and resources, and regional vulnerability assessment. It is regarded as an important part of a comprehensive risk management, which can help communities and families be resilient from this kind of public health emergency. However, current vulnerability analysis research lacks personal adaptive behaviors, social medical security, and individual attitudes toward regular pandemic prevention and control policies based on the cognition and experience of urban residents. This study proposes a comprehensive vulnerability analysis framework to analyze the three factors of vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity for residents with different educational levels. A questionnaire was designed based on the framework for a survey conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Results show that exposure and sensitivity exhibit a downward trend with the increase of educational level, while adaptive capacity is not greatly affected by education. This study also supports finding limitations in planning for urban risk management to reduce the vulnerability of urban residents and to improve urban resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased significantly, causing great concern, and wheat, as one of the top 8 food allergens, is a common allergy trigger. Nevertheless, reliable estimates of the positivity rate of wheat allergens in the allergic population in China are still lacking. The systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the positive detection rate of wheat allergens in the Chinese allergic population and further provide a reference for the prevention of allergy. CNKI, CQVIP, WAN-FANG DATA, Sino Med, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were retrieved. Related research and case reports about the positive rate of wheat allergen in the Chinese allergic population published from inception to June 30, 2022, were searched, and meta-analysis was performed using Stata software. The pooled positive rate of wheat allergens and 95% confidence interval were calculated by random effect models, and the publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test. A total of 13 articles were included for the final meta-analysis, in which wheat allergen detection methods involved only serum sIgE testing and SPT assessment. The results showed that the wheat allergen positivity detection rate in Chinese allergic patients was 7.30% (95% CI 5.68–8.92%). Subgroup analysis showed that the positivity rate of wheat allergens was influenced by region, but hardly by age and assessment method. The positive rates of wheat allergy in the population with allergic diseases were 2.74% (95% CI 0.90–4.58%) and 11.47% (95% CI 7.08–15.87%) in southern and northern China, respectively. In particular, the positive rates of wheat allergens were greater than 10% in Shaanxi, Henan and Nei Mongol, all of which belong to the northern region. These results suggest that wheat allergens are an important cause of sensitization in allergic populations from northern China, and therefore attention should be paid to early prevention in high-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]