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Competitiveness is an important factor for the sustainable mobility of an integrated multimodal system. In this study, we explore and answer the question concerning what makes bike-sharing trips more competitive than bus trips. The empirical analysis is conducted using transit smartcard and bike-sharing GPS data collected in Seoul, and logistic regression models were developed to understand the factors contributing to the bike-sharing being more competitive than buses. The findings demonstrate that bike-sharing is not only a complementary mode but could also be competing with buses at certain extents. The results indicate that bike-sharing trips can be more competitive than bus trips with longer detours or when the speed of the bus is reduced, such as peak-time periods and short trips. Travel time of bike-sharing is more reliable than bus's during peak times, while the bike lanes contribute to keeping bike-sharing more competitive even during off-peak times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bike-sharing is rapidly gaining popularity due to health, transportation, and recreational benefits. As more people use bike-sharing, the burden of reallocating bikes will increase because of the mismatch between outgoing and incoming bikes. Optimizing truck routes, incentivizing users, and crowdsourcing are common suggestions to mitigate rebalancing issues. This research aims to provide a procedure to adjust landscape conditions as an alternative strategy. Comprehensive landscape metrics are quantified by FRAGSTATS analysis. Using public bike-sharing data in Seoul, South Korea, we analyzed spatial and temporal mismatch characteristics. Hot spot analysis was conducted to identify hot and cold spots of bike-sharing use in two scenarios: outgoing and incoming trips. This was used to generate tree-based binary ensemble machine learning classification models. Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values were calculated between hot and cold spots to understand how landscape characteristics and other determinants affect the mismatch. Our results suggest that climate and bike-sharing related factors significantly affect bike-sharing use. Transportation land use and landscape characteristics like the magnitude of biodiversity, contiguity, shape, area, and edge significantly contribute to labeling. The findings of this study can help bike-sharing operators better navigate their bike-sharing services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bike-sharing has a mixed relationship with public transit—characterized by modal integration and modal substitution—and affects the public transit ridership. In previous studies, to investigate the relationships between public transit and bike-sharing, analyses based on either surveys or analysis based on trip record data have been conducted; thus, there have been several limitations to obtaining accurate and large data to reveal the relationships between public transit and bike-sharing. Unlike previous studies, owing to the mileage program of Seoul Bike, this study investigates the modal integration of bike-sharing and public transit using only trip records of bike-sharing integrated with public transit for the holders of 365-day Seoul Bike passes in detail using explanatory data and regression analyses. Additionally, considering that the relationship between bike-sharing and public transit might vary according to the mode of public transportation, this study investigates the spatio-temporal patterns of modal integration between bike-sharing and public transit, and the factors that influence the modal integration at the station level using binomial regression. The results indicate that the effects of various factors on the modal integration depend on the distance to the nearest subway station and the time when the trip occurs (weekdays or weekends and certain periods during the day). This study also suggests that the relationship between bike-sharing and public transit may vary according to the public transit mode. Although shared bikes seemed to be used in conjunction with both the subway and bus, the proportion of modal integration between bike-sharing and public transit among all trips using 365-day passes is likely to be affected more by the subway system than the bus system, especially for regular commutes. Furthermore, it is observed that shared bikes can be used to avoid overcrowded buses in connection with subways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing restrictions have had a significant impact on urban mobility. As micro mobility offers less contact with other people, docked or dockless e-scooters and bike-sharing have emerged as alternative urban mobility solutions. However, little empirical research has been conducted to investigate how COVID-19 might affect micro mobility usage, especially in a major Asian city. This research aims to study how COVID-19 and other related factors have affected bike-sharing ridership in Seoul, South Korea. Using detailed urban telecommunication data, this study explored the spatial-temporal patterns of a docked bike-sharing system in Seoul. Stepwise negative binomial panel regressions were conducted to find out how COVID-19 and various built environments might affect bike-sharing ridership in the city. Our results showed that open space areas and green infrastructure had statistically significant positive impacts on bike-sharing usage. Compared to registered population factors, real-time telecommunication floating population had a significant positive relationship with both bike trip count and trip duration. The model showed that telecommunication floating population has a significant positive impact on bike-sharing trip counts and trip duration. These findings could offer useful guidelines for emerging shared mobility planning during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. • We investigate how COVID-19 and other related factors have affected bike-sharing ridership in Seoul, South Korea. • Open space areas and green infrastructure had statistically significant positive impacts on bike-sharing usage. • Real-time telecommunication floating population had a significant positive impact on both bike trip count and duration. • COVID-19 had positive effects on bike-sharing ridership in Seoul. • Results could offer useful guidelines for emerging shared mobility planning during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]