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Octopus vulgaris is fished by both small-scale and industrial fleets and has great social and economic value. Octopuses are fished in intertidal and subtidal areas using various fishing gear, with trawling used by industrial fleets and hand jigs, pots, traps, and trammel nets used by small-scale fleets. Over the years, the octopus has consistently been one of the most important commercial cephalopod resources in Senegal. Given the high economic value of octopus in Senegal, this paper discusses octopus management, as well as the industry's direct impacts on the biological traits of octopus. Survey data reveals that there are some differences in the octopus management preferences within Mbour; however, in general, fishers support biological rest and the use of octopus spawning pots. This study examines the socioeconomic importance of octopus and their management by scientifically analyzing the octopus fishery in Senegal. Octopuses have a short life span (12–14 months), grow rapidly, and have high natural mortality due to its sensitivity to environmental conditions. Therefore, the abundance index decreased from 13.7 kg per days at sea in 1999 to 3.3 kg per days at sea in 2016 due to seasonal fluctuations. Meanwhile, landing volumes notably increased from 2980 t in 1997 to 5932 t in 2016. Octopuses are typically destined for the European and Asian markets, with an export volume of 4886 t and gross revenue of US$26 million in 2016. However, this species is fully exploited, demonstrating the need for increased involvement of fishers in the management decision-making process. • Octopus is fully-exploited by small-scale and industrial fishing. • Biological rest is the ideal measure for octopus protection. • Octopus is a short life span and large variations of landing volumes. • The price fluctuations depend on the weight and size of the species. • The increase in the income is due to the variation of season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]