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The relationship between inflammatory dietary patterns and the risk of depression/anxiety has not been clearly established due to differences in study populations, geographic regions, sex, and methods of calculating the inflammatory index. We drew upon a prospective cohort in the UK Biobank and calculated the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E -DII). The follow-up time was defined from the date of completing the last dietary survey questionnaire to the date of diagnosis of depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, other types of anxiety, death, loss to follow-up, or the respective censoring dates for England (September 30, 2021), Scotland (July 31, 2021), and Wales (February 28, 2018). The final follow-up times end on September 30, 2021, July 31, 2021, and February 28, 2018, for England, Scotland, and Wales, respectively. During the follow-up process, if a participant develops the condition, dies, or is lost to follow-up, the follow-up is terminated. We used Cox regression to evaluate the connection between E -DII and depression/anxiety. We employed restricted cubic spline curves for nonlinear relationships. We also conducted mediation analyses to explore whether biological age mediated the relationship between E -DII and depression. Additionally, we investigated whether genetic susceptibility modified the relationship between E-DII and depression through interaction modeling. In the final analysis, we included a total of 151,295, 159,695, 165,649, and 160,097 participants for the analysis of depression, all types of anxiety, specific phobia anxiety, and other types of anxiety, respectively. For every one-unit increase in E -DII, the risk of experiencing depression and anxiety increased by 5 % and 4 %, respectively. We identified a "J"-shaped nonlinear relationship (P for nonlinear = 0.003) for both depression and anxiety. A significant association with an elevated risk of depression was observed when E -DII exceeded 0.440, and an increased risk of anxiety was noted when E-DII was more than −0.196. Mediation analysis demonstrated that PhenoAge age acceleration (AA) (For depression, proportion of mediation = 9.6 %; For anxiety, proportion of mediation = 10.1 %) and Klemera-Doubal method Biological Age (KDM AA) (For depression, proportion of mediation = 2.9 %; For anxiety, proportion of mediation = 5.1 %) acted as mediators between E -DII and the development of depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). Diets with pro-inflammatory characteristics are associated with a heightened risk of depression and anxiety. Furthermore, the association of pro-inflammatory diets and depression is mediated by biological age. • Survival analysis with dose-response examined diet's link to depression/anxiety. • Investigating how biological aging mediates inflammation-related diet's impact on depression and anxiety. • Further studies were conducted based on the genetic susceptibility of the participants. • An analysis based on data from a large cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]