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Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) has been studied worldwide as part of device-related healthcare infection. CAUTI is one of the most commonly reported infections in the literature, which occurs during clinical practice in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and non-ICU departments. Many studies have covered the CAUTI rate in Saudi Arabia mainly in the ICU covering single or multiple hospitals as surveillance for device-related infections in the ICU. Few studies have conducted an interventional approach that examined the implementation of infection control protocols and then compared them to international practice as a standard. This review aims to explore the literature to provide insight into the infection control practices that have been reported in Saudi Arabia during the last two decades on the preventive measures and clinical consequences of CAUTIs. Very few studies have recorded the pattern of resistant microorganisms that burdens clinical practice in ICUs concerning CAUTIs. Only one study compared the type of catheter materials and discussed the effect of these materials on reducing CAUTIs. It is essential to cover catheter utilization and to understand how a sufficient infection control protocol with educational programs for healthcare personnel can transform practice, for the better, regarding CAUTI rates in Saudi hospitals. There is a demand for more interventional and epidemiological studies on the causes and factors affecting the rate of CAUTI in the area. Studies may help reduce the CAUTI incidence rate, which consequently reduces the costs and morbidity associated with this type of infection and other healthcare-related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This report summarizes the results of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) study conducted in five cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from September 2013 through March 2015. Methods: We utilized an online surveillance system in a prospective, cohort study of device-associated healthcare-associated infections (DA-HAI) in seven adult and pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) of five hospitals. The study applied CDC/NHSN criteria and definitions, using INICC Surveillance Online System. Results: Data was collected from 4,551 ICU patients for 30,041 bed-days. In the Medical/Surgical ICUs, the central-line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rate was 4.5 per 1,000 central line (CL)-days; the ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rate was 7.5 per 1,000 mechanical ventilator (MV)-days; and the catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rate was 4.7 per 1,000 urinary catheter (UC)-days. The rates were statistically significantly higher compared to CDC/NHSN rates (0.8 [CLABSI]; 1.1 [VAP]; and 1.3 [CAUTI]), whereas in comparison with INICC rates (4.9 [CLABSI]; 5.3 [CAUTI]; 16.5 [VAP]), CLABSI and CAUTI rates did not attain statistically significant difference and VAP rate was statistically significantly lower. With the exception of CL DUR in the pediatric ICUs, device utilization ratios were higher than INICC and CDC/NHSN's. Excess length of stay was 14.8 days for patients with CLABSI, 17.5 for patients with VAP and 22.1 for patients with CAUTI. Excess mortality was 38.4% for CLABSI, 31.8% for VAP and 19.0% for CAUTI in adult and pediatric ICUs. Conclusions: DA-HAI rates found in the study are higher than CDC/NSHN reported rates and similar to or lower than INICC's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) including device-associated HAI (DA-HAI) are a serious patient safety issue in hospitals worldwide, affecting 5–10% of hospitalized patients and deadly for patients in intensive care units (ICUs). (Vincent, 2003; Al-Tawfiq et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2013). DA-HAIs account for up to 23% of HAIs in ICUs and about 40% of all hospital infections (i.e. central line-associated blood stream infections [CLABSI], ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP], and catheter-associated urinary tract infections [CAUTI]). This study aims to identify DA-HAI rates among a group of selected hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), 2013–2016. Secondary data was analyzed from 12 medical/surgical intensive care units (M/SICUs) and two cardiac care units (CCUs) from 12 Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals from different regions in KSA. These data were reported by infection control practitioners to the MoH via electronic International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) systems in each hospital. Among 6178 ICU patients with 13,492 DA-HAIs during 2013–2016, the average length of stay (LOS) was 10.7 days (range 0–379 days). VAP was the most common DA-HAI (57.4%), followed by CAUTI (28.4%), and CLABSI (14.2%). In CCUs there were no CLABSI cases; CAUTI was reported from 1 to 2.6 per 1000 device-days; and VAP did not occur in Hospital B but occurred 8.1 times per 1000 device-days in the CCU in Hospital A. In M/SICUs, variations occurred among time periods, hospitals, and KSA provinces. CLABSI varied between hospitals from 2.2 to 10.5 per 1000 device-days. CAUTI occurred from 2.3 to 4.4 per 1000 device-days, while VAP had the highest rates, from 8.9 to 39.6 per 1000 device-days. Most hospitals had high device-utilization ratios (DURs) (from the 75th to 90th percentile of National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)'s standard and the 50th to 75th percentile of INICC's). This study showed higher device-associated infection rates and higher device-utilization ratios in the study's CCUs and M/SICUs than NHSN benchmarks. To reduce the rates of infection, ongoing monitoring of infection control practices and comprehensive education are required. Furthermore, a sensitive and specific national healthcare safety network is needed in KSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Device-associated infections (DAIs) are important components of healthcare associated infection and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study describes DAIs across different intensive care units (ICUs) in a hospital in Saudi Arabia., Methods: The study was conducted between 2017 and 2020 and followed the definitions of National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) for DAIs. The calculated the rates of ventilator-associated events (VAE), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) and central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) followed NHSN definitions., Results: During the study period, there were 82 DAIs in adult ICUs and of these 16 (19.5%) were CLABSI, 26 (31.7%) were CAUTI and 40 (48.7%) were VAE. The overall rates for adult ICUs were 1.6, 1.9, 3.8 per 1000 device-days for CAUTI, CLABSI and VAE, respectively. The device-utilization ratio was 0.5, 0.6, and 0.48 for urinary catheters, central lines, and ventilators, respectively. VAE rates for medical and surgical ICU were about 2.8 times the rate in the coronary care unit and the rates were high in 2020 corresponding with the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the adult ICUS, medical ICU had a CLABSI rate of 2.13/1000 device-days and was about double the rate in surgical and cardiac ICU. For CAUTI, the rates per 1000 device-days were 2.19, 1.73, and 1.65 for medical, surgical, and coronary ICUs, respectively. The rate of CLABSI per 1000 device-days for pediatric and neonatal ICUs were 3.38 and 2.28, respectively., Conclusions: CAUTI was the most common infections among adult ICUs and medical ICU had higher rates than other adult ICUs. VAE rate was higher in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating increased device-use, change in patients characteristics as well as possible change in practices across the ICUs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors have no competing interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) including device-associated HAI (DA-HAI) are a serious patient safety issue in hospitals worldwide, affecting 5-10% of hospitalized patients and deadly for patients in intensive care units (ICUs). (Vincent, 2003; Al-Tawfiq et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2013). DA-HAIs account for up to 23% of HAIs in ICUs and about 40% of all hospital infections (i.e. central line-associated blood stream infections [CLABSI], ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP], and catheter-associated urinary tract infections [CAUTI]). This study aims to identify DA-HAI rates among a group of selected hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), 2013-2016. Secondary data was analyzed from 12 medical/surgical intensive care units (M/SICUs) and two cardiac care units (CCUs) from 12 Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals from different regions in KSA. These data were reported by infection control practitioners to the MoH via electronic International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) systems in each hospital. Among 6178 ICU patients with 13,492 DA-HAIs during 2013-2016, the average length of stay (LOS) was 10.7 days (range 0-379 days). VAP was the most common DA-HAI (57.4%), followed by CAUTI (28.4%), and CLABSI (14.2%). In CCUs there were no CLABSI cases; CAUTI was reported from 1 to 2.6 per 1000 device-days; and VAP did not occur in Hospital B but occurred 8.1 times per 1000 device-days in the CCU in Hospital A. In M/SICUs, variations occurred among time periods, hospitals, and KSA provinces. CLABSI varied between hospitals from 2.2 to 10.5 per 1000 device-days. CAUTI occurred from 2.3 to 4.4 per 1000 device-days, while VAP had the highest rates, from 8.9 to 39.6 per 1000 device-days. Most hospitals had high device-utilization ratios (DURs) (from the 75th to 90th percentile of National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)'s standard and the 50th to 75th percentile of INICC's). This study showed higher device-associated infection rates and higher device-utilization ratios in the study's CCUs and M/SICUs than NHSN benchmarks. To reduce the rates of infection, ongoing monitoring of infection control practices and comprehensive education are required. Furthermore, a sensitive and specific national healthcare safety network is needed in KSA., (Copyright © 2017 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. All rights reserved.)

Summary: Background: Device-associated infections (DAI) are recognized as a marker of patient safety. Data regarding DAI rates in Saudi Arabia are sparse. Methods: This was a prospective surveillance study of DAI rates conducted in the adult intensive care units of the Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization, carried out using the DAI definition provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Healthcare Safety Network. DAI prevention bundles were introduced in 2006 for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), in mid-2010 for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and in 2008 for central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI). Results: DAI rates for VAP, CLABSI, and CAUTI are reported for the study period from 2004 to 2011. CAUTI was the most common DAI (42.2%), followed by CLABSI (38.5%) and VAP (19.3%). The overall rate of each infection type per 1000 device-days was 8.18 for CAUTI, 10 for CLABSI, and 4.52 for VAP. Annual DAI rates showed a significant reduction over time from the beginning of the study to the end of the study for CLABSI (16.3 vs. 6.06), CAUTI (6.75 vs. 3.41), and VAP (9.8 vs. 1.3) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: CAUTI was the most common infection, and the use of DAI prevention bundles was associated with a significant decrease in DAI rates over time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]