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The article presents a discussion of the history of violent jihads involving various ethnic groups in the Sahel region of West Africa. An overview of the founding of a Muslim dynasty in Timbuktu, Mali by Askia Muhammad is presented. A jihad instigated by Umar Tall in the 19th century is analyzed, and the history of claims of racial superiority made by some West African Muslims is discussed in this context.

Presents a Marxist and geo-thematic criticism of the African literature and the orality-literacy studies in the Sahel. Writing that has been proven to be one of the most significant developments in Marxist literary studies; Pre-literate writing technologies that are not excluded in the meaning of the term primary orality; Approaches that offer an ethical critique of Western imperialism.