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Copyright of Ankara Barosu Dergileri is the property of Ankara Bar Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The complete mitochondrial DNA (mitogenome) sequences of Chionomys nivalis and C. roberti were first presented as reference mitogenomes by the current study using Long-Range PCR and Next-Generation Sequencing. The structure and organization of the circular mitogenomes were similar for each species. Each mitogenome included 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), a control region (D-loop), and an origin of the light-strand region (OL), with the mitogenome lengths of 16.293 for C. nivalis and 16.300 for C. roberti. Phylogenetic analyses based on whole mitogenomes sequences allowed us to see better the relative position of the Chionomys within Arvicolinae. According to this, Chionomys was in a close phylogenetic relationship with Microtus rather than Arvicola. Contrary to the results of past studies, the relative positions of the species within Chionomys varied in the cytochrome b sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, the presence of 10 genetic lineages determined by previous works within C. nivalis was approved. Among them, the Central Taurus lineage genetically was the lineage most distant from others. On the other hand, Turkish C. roberti specimens were clustered with the Transcaucasian specimens (Datvisi- Georgia and Alania-North Ossetia-Russia) splitting from other GenBank specimens of Russia and Georgia. Divergence-time analyses demonstrated that the first appearance of Arvicolinae dates back to the Early Pliocene (4.96 mya, 95% HPD: 4.09–5.82, BPP: 1), compatible with the past findings. Also, it was detected that the split of Arvicola / Chionomys + Microtus took place at the beginning of the Quaternary period (2.35 mya, 95% HPD: 1.97–2.75, BPP: 0.98). This corresponded to the Early Pleistocene divergence (approximately 2.4 mya) of these three genera suggested by the fossil record. In addition to this, molecular dating analyses demonstrated that the divergence between C. nivalis and C. roberti occurred in the Middle Pleistocene (1.06 mya, 95% HPD: 0.87–1.25, BPP: 1). Further studies using other molecular markers are needed to make definite judgments on the taxonomy and evolution of Chionomys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları is the property of Turk Dunyasi Arastirmalari Vakfi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the period after the crises in the late 1990s, the banking industries in most emerging markets have undergone significant restructuring consistent with the Basel II Accord. The Central Bank of Russia’s efforts since 2000 have contributed to the consolidation and improvement of the banking industry. To measure the extent of market discipline in the Russian banking industry, we study the reaction of Russian depositors to excessive risk taking by large banks between 2000:1 and 2005:1. We find that during our analysis period, well-capitalized, more liquid banks significantly increase their deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effect of the value of the currency on international inbound tourist numbers to Turkey from Germany and Russia, which are the top two tourist generating countries for Turkey. Two different Turkish Lira regimes are investigated with Threshold Vector Autoregressive (Threshold-VAR) models, using the real broad effective exchange rate for Turkey as a threshold variable. The endogenous variables vectors are the macroeconomic variables of the tourist origin countries: the real broad effective exchange rate, consumer price index ratio (proxying for the price level), and total industry production (proxying for income level) for Germany and Russia. Because of data constraints, the estimated Threshold-VAR models for Germany and Russia covered different periods in 1997:01-2020:05 and 2000:01-2020:05, respectively. The key finding for both policymakers and tourism researchers is that when travels become cheaper in the Turkish Lira, this does not always attract more foreign tourists to Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]