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In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the dynamic cointegration relationship between international crude oil, natural gas, and coal price indices from 2009 to 2023, revealing the changes and differences in the cointegration relationship between these three prices during different periods. Utilizing statistical analysis and economic modeling, we found significant cointegration among these energy prices during the initial decade-long observation period, indicating their close interaction in the global energy market influenced by supply and demand fundamentals, macroeconomic conditions, and geopolitical landscapes. However, since 2020, this long-standing stable cointegration relationship has been severely disrupted due to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and escalating geopolitical tensions, leading to a notable increase in volatility and uncertainty in the energy market. Further analysis highlights that, in recent years, with the strengthening of global climate governance and the advancement of the low-carbon transition trend, fossil fuel markets, particularly high-carbon-emitting crude oil and coal markets, have undergone significant adjustments. Meanwhile, the role of natural gas as a transitional clean energy source has become increasingly prominent. The findings of this study have significant implications for energy policy formulation, market risk management, and strategic planning in the energy industry, while providing directions for future research on resilience and adaptability in the transition process of energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has primarily focused on external factors to refine predictions of natural gas volatility, a prominent cleaner fossil fuel. Yet, there's a gap in the literature regarding the intrinsic factors impacting the volatility of natural gas returns, especially during crises. Using the TVP-VAR frequency connectedness method, we uncover a pronounced dynamic integration and return transmission between natural gas and BRICS stock markets. Our findings emphasize a strong interconnectedness in both the lower and upper extremes of the return distribution, indicating the profound effects of both negative and positive extreme shocks. We also document symmetric spillover effects in tumultuous market conditions. Short-term spillovers are critical in transmitting shocks, while long-term ones define interconnectedness patterns. Notably, we identify assets that are net-receivers and net-transmitters, with natural gas consistently being a net receiver. Our results provide valuable insights for investors and portfolio managers, emphasizing the need for stringent risk management during crises like COVID-19 and the Russia–Ukraine conflict due to the presence of non-diversifiable systematic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Russia–Ukraine war, this paper investigates natural gas futures volatilities. Applying several hybrid GARCH and EGARCH models, which innovatively incorporate both fat-tailed distribution errors and structural breaks, we derive the following new evidence. First, our hybrid modeling approach is effective in timely capturing the natural gas futures volatility spike when tensions simmered on the Russia–Ukraine border. Second, the hybrid modeling approach is effective for not only GARCH modeling but also EGARCH modeling. Third, the volatility estimates from our hybrid models have predictive power for the volatilities of nonhybrid models. Fourth, the volatility estimates from the nonhybrid models lag behind the volatilities of our hybrid models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve global climate goals, it is necessary to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from ecosystems. To obtain a comprehensive assessment of CO2, CH4, and N2O natural fluxes for the Russian Federation, we used the "bottom-up" method and updated estimates for forest ecosystems based on State Forest Inventory data and satellite monitoring of forest disturbances. For grassland ecosystems, it was based on the correct distribution of areas between steppe and non-steppe zones. The estimated net uptake of natural ecosystems in Russia was 1.1 ± 1.8 billion tons of CO2-eq./year. The study shows that if only CO2 is taken into account, the net absorption of terrestrial ecosystems in Russia corresponds to more than −2.5 billion tons of CO2 (35% of forests' contribution). However, given the emissions of non-CO2 GHGs, total net absorption in Russia's natural ecosystems is reduced to about −1 billion tons of CO2-eq (with the forests' contribution increasing to 80%). With regard to anthropogenic fluxes, the overall balance of GHGs in Russia corresponds to net emissions of 1 billion tons of CO2-eq/year into the atmosphere. To improve reporting under the Paris Agreement, countries should aim to include only anthropogenic ("manageable") GHG fluxes on managed land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to investments in diversifying the supply of natural gas, Poland did not encounter any gas supply issues in 2022 when gas imports from Russia were ceased due to the Russian Federation's armed intervention in Ukraine. Over the past few years, the supply of gas from routes other than the eastern route has substantially grown, particularly the supplies of liquefied natural gas (LNG) via the LNG terminal in Świnoujście. The growing proportion of LNG in Poland's gas supply leads to a rise in ethane levels in natural gas, as verified by the review of data taken at a specific location within the gas system over the years 2015, 2020, and 2022. Using measurements of natural gas composition, the effectiveness of the steam hydrocarbon reforming process was simulated in the Gibbs reactor via Aspen HYSYS. The simulations confirmed that as the concentration of ethane in the natural gas increased, the amount of hydrogen produced, and the heat required for reactions in the reformer also increased. This article aims to analyze the influence of the changes in natural gas quality in the Polish transmission network caused by changes in supply structures on the mass and heat balance of the theoretical steam reforming reactor. Nowadays, the chemical composition of natural gas may be significantly different from that assumed years ago at the plant's design stage. The consequence of such a situation may be difficulties in operating, especially when controlling the quantity of incoming natural gas to the reactor based on volumetric flow without considering changes in chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes energy relations in the area encompassed by Russia, the EU, and their "common neighborhood" composed of Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova through the lens of the interaction and tension between regionalism and regionalization. It investigates how the interaction between these two processes is reflected on the ground, and how the friction between institutionalized, from‐above integration ("regionalism") may clash with the more bottom‐up process involving the "making" of regions through day‐to‐day infrastructural and production‐chain links ("regionalization"). Based on an analysis of trans‐regional production chains in the oil, natural gas, and electricity sectors, it hypothesizes that the competitive energy regionalisms we are observing in the EU‐Russia neighborhood (exemplified by the EU‐led European Energy Community and the Russia‐led Eurasian Economic Union mismatch with the underlying flows and production chains, with important economic and political implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian federal and consolidated government budgets accrue large revenues directly from oil and natural gas, mostly from royalties and export fees. We use Russian Input-Output tables and other economic statistics to estimate how much revenue flowed to these budgets indirectly due to government spending of direct revenues in 2016–21. Although the addition of indirect revenues to the federal budget is modest (8–10 Russian rubles per 100 rubles spent), the corresponding increase in consolidated budget is quite sizable (26–30 rubles per 100 rubles spent). Given the high degree of political and economic centralization in Russia, the impact on the consolidated budget is more important than the impact on the federal budget. In addition, we speculate about the changing role of oil and natural gas budget revenues in the current environment and the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focussing on the Italian case and on transformations in state-market relations in the natural gas sector, this article examines the post-war European politics of energy security. It argues that rather than fostering EU-level path-breaking measures, the war has brought back the 'partner state' in the EU energy realm. This model, which supported the structuration of East-West energy interdependence during the Cold War, envisages direct modes of state intervention and closer government-energy company cooperation at home and abroad. Although the return of the (partner) state is helping Western European consumers by reducing their dependence on Russian gas, it has negative implications. It favours intra-European competition, limits further supranational integration in the energy sector and risks undermining the EU climate goals. This latter risk can be amplified by the encounter of the partner state with right-wing populist climate-sceptic parties, while it can be mitigated by the 'greening' of the partner state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas has long been omnipresent in EU energy mix. The challenges created by Russia's war on Ukraine, coupled with the Union's decarbonization objectives, place gaseous fuels overall into a new perspective. On the one hand, the use of natural gas, a fossil fuel, mainly imported until recently from Russia, needs to be alleviated. On the other hand, natural gas has acquired an interim but still important status until the anticipated 'green transition' is finally achieved. Hydrogen for its part, which can range from relatively 'dirty' to 'green', is an energy carrier set to play a fundamental role in the process. The EU energy regulatory framework is rapidly expanding and evolving addressing the 'trilemma' of energy efficiency, energy security, and climate challenges, at times of financial constraints. The endgame and strategic objective is efficient full deployment of renewables. Gas cannot be presently abandoned, but rather sustainably utilized, in a cost-effective manner. Ideas put forward include repurposing existing pipelines, enhancing financial support for clean gases, rationalizing disinvestments, diversifying supply and employing Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage. If such policy options are properly applied, gaseous fuels will continue to be pivotal in the EU's energy mix in the road to a fully sustainable future for the European peoples. The present article analyses the above aspects as well as legal and regulatory challenges that lie ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to simulate the European natural gas system in extreme situations and to determine its weaknesses in terms of demand coverage. An assessment has also been made of the targets set for existing energy efficiency regulations and their effects on the coverage of future natural gas demand. This document assesses the potential for energy efficiency improvements associated with European countries and the effect of such improvements on the lessening of the natural gas demand. Once the efficiency improvement potential has been identified, the results of demand coverage in various scenarios of natural gas supply cut-off via pipelines were studied. The expected result reflects the study of the effect of the presumed demand reduction, due to the improvement of energy efficiency, on the self-sufficiency of the natural gas network and the improvement of energy coverage for EU countries. To carry out this study, an evaluation of the current infrastructures was developed, the existing resources were optimized, and the independence of the system was quantified in relation to the current situation of natural gas consumption at the European level. The proposed model has resulted in improvements in the coverage of the demand of certain countries and has detected those with systems that are not robust enough to face extreme crisis situations. The main conclusions are that the natural gas system has improved considerably from 2009 to the present, and that, in the event of massive gas cuts, there is a real risk of being unable to cover the natural gas demand of several countries with a very high dependence on gas from Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the second-largest oil producer and natural gas exporter, Russia's war with Ukraine has severely impacted the energy market. To what extent has the war influenced crude oil prices, and has it altered the long-term dynamics of oil prices? An objective analysis of the effects of the Russia–Ukraine war on the crude oil market can assist relevant entities in developing both short-term emergency strategies and long-term response plans. This study establishes an analytical framework of the event analysis method based on multiresolution causality testing (EMC). The results of the multiresolution causality testing reveal a significant one-way causality between the Russia–Ukraine war and crude oil prices. Afterward, using the event analysis based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), from October 1, 2021, to August 25, 2022, as the event window, we found that the war and its chain events caused the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices to increase by $37.14, a 52.33% surge, and the Brent crude oil price to rise by $41.49, a 56.33% increase. During the event window, the Russia–Ukraine war can account for 70.72% and 73.62% of the fluctuation in WTI and Brent crude oil prices, respectively. Furthermore, the war amplified oil price volatility and fundamentally altered the trend of crude oil prices. Consequently, this study proposes four recommendations: the establishment of an emergency management mechanism for the oil market, the diversification of oil and gas imports by energy-importing countries, the steady advancement of energy transformation, and the judicious use of financial instruments by enterprises to hedge risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy is one of the priorities of common EU policies to achieve carbon neutrality and mitigate the effects of climate change. On the other hand, the protection of biodiversity, which also contributes to climate protection and is even a much older priority, is also one of the EU's long-term priorities. In this article, the author analyses the current European and Czech climate legislation. He concludes that the analysis of the legislation shows that renewable energy production and biodiversity protection must be considered together in terms of planning, decision-making and enforcement. Climate protection can only be achieved if, in the future, the replacement of fossil energy sources is not unilaterally promoted in energy reform at the expense of biodiversity and the functioning of natural ecosystems. The question is, however, whether the Czech Republic is serious about measures towards carbon neutrality and energy security when it is still buying oil, natural gas and other strategic minerals from Russia two years after the Russian invasion of Ukraine began. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ahead of the Russia-Ukraine war, global natural gas production in 2021 rose nearly 5 percent to a record 4.04 trillion cubic meters. In 2021, Russian natural gas exports were 202 billion cubic meters of pipeline gas and 39.6 billion cubic meters of liquefied natural gas (LNG). [Russia Struggles to Make Up for Europe's Gap in Natural Gas Exports. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russia-struggles-to-make-up-for-europes-gap-in-natural-gas- exports/2717651]. Because of the war in Ukraine, Russia stopped exporting essential volumes of natural gas to Europe, which used to account for 40 percent of the EU's supply, causing gas prices in Europe to rise. Georgia, with its strategic location on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, has the potential to create a liquefied natural gas (LNG) hub for transporting gas to European markets bypassing Russia -- using existing port facilities in Anaklia, Poti, Batumi, Kulevi (owned by Sokar BST LLC); Recent developments show the Russian government's interest in the idea of a Turkish gas hub. At the end of September 2022, two days after the explosion of the "North Stream 1 and 2" gas pipelines on the bottom of the Baltic Sea, Presidents R.-T. Erdogan and Vladimir Putin agreed to add two more new gas pipelines along the TurkStream pipeline, which is apparently a rival project to the EU's Southern Gas Corridor (SGC). The SGC goes through Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey to the Balkans, and the TurkStream pipeline from Russia through the Black Sea and Turkey enters in the same region of Europe, where the European SGC also goes -- namely, South-Eastern Europe. Natural gas has recently become one of the main types of fuel since the 70s of the last century. At the beginning of this century, about 88-90% of natural gas was supplied to consumers by pipelines, long-term economic contracts, and the rest by tankers, in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Global LNG imports in 2021, according to the report of the International Group of LNG Importers (GIIGNL), increased by 4.5% compared to the previous year and reached 513.7 billion cubic meters (372.3 million tons). The Group's research notes that in 2021, LNG will already account for approximately 40% of the global gas market, with the rest coming from gas pipelines. In 2021, about 73% (375 billion cubic meters, or 271.8 million tons) of LNG was imported by Asian countries. In addition, only 36.6% of the world's LNG volume was sold on the spot market, i.e. in small lots -- the rest was sold through long-term contracts, thereby neglecting the market mechanism of free price formation. Due to the Russia-Ukraine war, gas supplies to the EU through Gazprom pipelines have been almost completely cut off since the beginning of 2023, and Brussels is desperately looking for alternative routes. For the first time, the idea of such an alternative in the form of the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline was put forward by then US President Bill Clinton in 1996. However, due to the uncertainty of the status of the Caspian Sea -- the lack of delimitation of its shelf boundaries, the conflicting position of Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan, etc., this project was not implemented. Now Russia tries to use old Russia-Azrbaijan gas pipeline to connect his gas with EU SGC pipelines. Georgian government suggested in late 2022 to use his black sea Anaklia or Kulevi ports for constraction of LNG terminals and export the LNG tankers with Azeri (and Russian ?!) gas to the Balkan ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Energy Policy Journal / Polityka Energetyczna is the property of Mineral & Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural gas liquids are a by-product of natural gas preparation, one of the most common and environmentally friendly energy sources. In natural gas fields located in remote areas, there is no resource-efficient way to use natural gas liquids. However, natural gas liquids are a valuable hydrocarbon feedstock for the production of motor fuels, in particular motor gasolines. The aim of this work is to develop a method for obtaining motor gasolines by processing natural gas liquids on a zeolite catalyst, taking into account the influence of the particle size of the zeolite catalyst, the technological parameters of the process, and the composition of the feedstock. As part of the work, for the first time, regularities of the influence of zeolite catalyst particle size, technological parameters of the process and the composition of feedstock on the composition and characteristics of the resulting processed products were revealed. A database about the composition and characteristics of natural gas liquids, obtained from various gas fields in Western Siberia of the Russian Federation, has been accumulated. During the study, it was found that the optimal particle size of the zeolite catalyst is 0.50–1.00 mm; optimal technological parameters are a temperature of 375 °C, pressure 2.5 atm. and the feedstock space velocity 2 h−1. It is shown that the processing of natural gas liquids of various compositions on a zeolite catalyst, on average, makes it possible to increase their detonation resistance by more than 16 points. The results obtained indicate the prospects of using the process for the production of motor gasoline. The paper presents a number of blending recipes for obtaining fuels, both within the framework of production at the fields and at processing plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Putin's invasion of Ukraine has forced the EU to eradicate its energy dependence on Russia. This is a shift of historic proportions, particularly when it comes to natural gas, given the fact that Russia has been the EU's primary exporter since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. By February 2023 almost all EU member states had imposed complete embargoes on the importation of Russian coal, crude oil, and oil products, whereas no consensus has thus far emerged at the EU level on the continuation of Russian gas exports. Despite the absence of a formal embargo on Russian natural gas, exports have drastically dropped since 2022, yet this does not necessarily entail that the EU will be able to achieve the goal of zero Russian gas exports by 2027, as is declared in its RepowerEU strategy. Through 2022, the EU has managed to cope with the loss of Russian gas exports by massively importing US LNG and, to a secondary extent, Norwegian pipeline gas. These exports though were contracted at a considerable premium and on a shortterm basis. Most EU states have not managed to replace Gazprom's long-term contracts with alternative gas imports that would be available at competitive prices and on a long-term basis. Herein lies an opportunity for the Republic of Cyprus (RoC), since the natural gas reserves discovered its Exclusive Economic Zone have the potential to offer a partial longterm alternative to the EU's dependency on Russia, but the window for the monetisation of these reserves is rapidly closing. Alternative EastMed exporters have already started to export to the EU, as well as to the East Med region, as early as 2020, whereas the first Cypriot exports cannot realistically reach any market before 2027. Nicosia's current plan to build a pipeline to Egypt in order to autonomously monetise the Aphrodite field is unlikely to offer Cyprus an export gateway to EU markets by 2027 and may even result to the stranding of the asset. At the same time a string of smaller discoveries in the RoC's western offshore blocks that took place between 2019-2022 are still at a very early stage of their potential development process and, if they are not developed jointly, they are also likely to be stranded. If a joint monetisation plan is indeed developed, these fields, namely Glaukos, Cronos and Zeus, are likely to begin exporting their gas by 2030 or, most likely, even later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the changing nature of Russia-Turkey energy trade relations. The main argument of the article is that climate change, as well as EU institutions and environmental protection regulations, have been decisive in the long-term transformation of bilateral natural gas relations. The EU favors competitive market structures to combat climate change, and the EU Green Deal sets ambitious targets for renewable energy consumption. These variables establish grounds for legitimacy among EU members in the face of Russian dominance of the EU energy market. However, as discussed in this paper, the Russian government's main strategy to counter this opposition from the EU side is to circumvent the EU's institutional arrangements through its relations with Turkey. The final point to be discussed in this paper is the impact of the EU energy and environment policies on changes in Russian perceptions of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SIRIUS - Zeitschrift fur Strategische Analysen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By considering the search for alternatives against Russia's natural gas supply cuts, this study explores the impact and causality of disaggregated level energy consumption indicators on environmental quality. Hence, the study investigates Germany, which is the leading economy in Europe and highly dependent on Russia's natural gas supply, by using carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as the environment indicator, including annual data from 1970 to 2021, and applying novel time series approaches. In the empirical examination, Granger causality-in-quantiles (GCiQ), quantile-on-quantile regression (QoQR), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) are applied as base models while quantile regression (QR) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) are used for robustness. The empirical findings show that (i) there are causal impacts of disaggregated level energy consumption indicators on CO2 emissions; (ii) renewable energy and hydroelectricity consumption have a decreasing impact, whereas natural gas, coal, and oil energy consumption have an increasing impact on CO2 emissions; (iii) although nuclear energy has been discussed as a potential alternative, nuclear energy does not have a significant impact in decreasing CO2 emissions; (iv) natural gas consumption has an interaction with renewable energy, hydroelectricity, and coal energy consumption; (v) the power of disaggregated level energy consumption indicators on CO2 emissions vary according to quantiles, thresholds, and interactions between energy consumption indicators; (iv) alternative models validate robustness of the results obtained. Thus, the results imply that the most appropriate alternative is coal energy consumption in the short-term and renewable energy consumption in the long-term to compensate for Russia's natural gas supply cuts, whereas nuclear energy consumption is not a real alternative for Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opinion note analyzes the territorial implications and potential socio-ecological impacts of two cross)border energy and logistics megaprojects being promoted in the state of Baja California, Mexico: a liquefaction plant to export natural gas from Texas to Asia and a mega-port multimodal as an alternative for container transport due to the saturation of the port of Long Beach-Los Angeles. The main characteristics of both megaprojects are examined and how they are part of a dynamic of intensification of maritime flows in the Pacific Basin caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and the geopolitical and geoeconomic disputes between the United States and Russia. It is concluded that these megaprojects intensify the subordination of the Baja California territory to the needs of the United States, by using it as a mere transit territory, externalizing various socio-ecological effects and associated risks, while violating national sovereignty over this strategic space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the study of natural gas production by such methods as hydraulic fracturing, drilling, and underwater extraction. The authors analyzed the dynamics of gas production in Russia from old and new wells, as well as recovered from inactive wells, during the period from 2012 to 2021. Mathematical models have been selected to accurately represent the changes in the parameters under study. A forecast for natural gas production in 2025 has also been made, indicating an increase in natural gas production through hydraulic fracturing, drilling, and underwater extraction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia has the largest volume of natural gas reserves in the world. Recoverable natural gas reserves amount to about 67 trillion cubic meters, according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation for 2023. In recent years, the development of the Unified Gas Supply System has been growing rapidly. Since 2021 the Government of the Russian Federation has been actively introducing draft laws and regulations related to the scaling of the country's gasification. In June 2021 came out the Federal Law No. 184-FZ, which instructed the Government of the Russian Federation to adopt regulations aimed at implementation of provisions of free gasification of the country [1]. In September 2021 there was issued Decree No. 1547, [2] approving the new Rules for connecting gas-using equipment and capital construction facilities to gas distribution networks, which introduces the concept of pregasification. It is worth noting that new gas mains, compressor stations (CS) are put into operation, active reconstruction of the existing shops with exhausted gas compressor units (GCU) is carried out. One of the most urgent issues of the gas industry today is the efficient use of energy resources. Besides using the energy of flue gases from gas turbine drive of GPA, energy at gas throttling at gas distribution stations and other methods of energy saving, the significant role is played by the effective operation of air coolers of gas (ACG), the operation of which affects the reliable transportation of gas in the main gas pipeline (MG). The paper analyzes the methods of technical condition of gas air cooling devices of "Iceberg" type operated at the production site of the booster compressor station of "Gazprom Dobycha Nadym" LLC. The thermal efficiency of air coolers with all fans turned on and off was determined for the coldest and hottest months of the year. The electric energy savings of the frequency controlled drive (VFD) were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the short-term relationship between natural gas prices and stock market index prices for six countries (five of G7 member economies and China) spread on three continents, using the VAR model and the Granger causality test. To achieve this goal was examined the correlation between the stock market indices rates of natural gas (NG), European FTSE 100, DAX 30, CAC 40, American DJI and SP 500, Asian Nikkei 225 and SSEC. These eight daily index values were used for the period February 24, 2022, when the geopolitical conflict (Russia-Ukraine) began, to May 27, 2022, when large fluctuations in energy prices were observed. This study tries to answer the question of whether there are concrete links and responses to volatility between the natural gas market and stock indices in six advanced economies in the first three months after the start of the Russia-Ukraine geopolitical conflict. According to the results achieved using the VAR model and the Granger causality test, the price of natural gas (NG) is the main cause of the evolution of any of the considered stock indices. Overall, the study provides important insights into the complex dynamics of the energy market and its interactions with the broader economy and financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 25% of the total energy consumption in Finland has been produced with wood fuels. Since 2012, the share has been greater than that of oil, coal, or natural gas. Internal carbon pricing is used to manage the risks in wood procurement after wood import from Russia ended. Further, the EU announced plans to sell more carbon emission permits to fund the EU's exit from Russian energy. To manage these challenges, a data-driven internal carbon pricing mechanism (DDICPM) has been developed for wood procurement optimization. Particularly, local changes are considered via available information about growth-based carbon sinks (GBCS). The results of the new scenario were compared to the basic national scenario that ensures carbon neutrality in forestry. The DDICPM may provide the optimum wood-procurement operations maintaining carbon neutrality in the integrated energy and material industry (IEMI). In this study, the use of DDICPM increased profitability b 16.2, 16.1, and 16.0% between adapted wood procurement areas at the EU's emission allowance prices of 30, 65, and 98 € t−1 CO2. The experiments' results also revealed that the DDICPM could consistently and significantly outperform the conventional solution adopted by the company in terms of economic costs. A significant conclusion is that an increase in profitability is possible if the size of wood procurement areas is allowed to vary optimally with respect to transport distance to take advantage of the GBCS as a new application of the renewable carbon sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars of international relations disagree whether trade in natural gas between Europe and Russia provides the latter with a source of foreign policy power. Because a reduction in trade of natural gas is costly for importers, the potential economic power of Russia's energy weapon could alter strategic calculations about diplomatic conflict with Russia. Consequently, we hypothesize that increases in dependence on Russian natural gas will lead to more foreign policy convergence with Russia. Using a panel of European states from 1995 to 2013 and a time series of Germany from 1979 to 2013, we find support for our argument that greater dependence on Russian natural gas correlates with more similarity in voting patterns at the United Nations General Assembly. Our research suggests that Russian natural gas imports to Europe shape broader political alignments, adding to the growing body of research on the potential ramifications of Russia's energy weapon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the time–frequency nexus of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with economic growth, nonrenewable (i.e., coal, natural gas, and oil), and renewable (i.e., hydro and geothermal) energy consumption. In this context, BRICS countries (namely, Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa), which are leading emerging countries, are included, and quarterly data from 1990/Q1 to 2019/Q4 is used. The study employs the wavelet coherence (WC) approach to explore the co-movement between the variables at different frequencies. The empirical results show that (i) there is a strong and positive co-movement between CO2 emission and economic growth; however, it is weak for Russia and South Africa in the medium and long-term; (ii) coal energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emission for all BRICS countries; (iii) natural gas energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in Brazil, India, and China; however, it is weakly and positively co-moved in Russia and South Africa; (iv) oil energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in Brazil, India, and China; however, it changes a bit for Russia and South Africa; (v) hydro energy consumption is weakly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in general, whereas country-based results vary; (vi) geothermal energy consumption is also similar to hydro energy consumption. Thus, the WC results highlight the strong co-movement of economic growth and nonrenewable energy consumption with CO2 emissions, whereas renewable energy consumption has a relatively lower co-movement. Based on the results, policy implications are also discussed for BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with issues related to the increase in the cost of purchasing energy, following the secondary effects related to the liberalization of the markets, which will lead the main clients from the business environment in Romania to conclude that the increase in the cost of energy is a consequence of the decisions established by the main players in the market, those who provide energy and natural gas, decisions aimed at maximizing their profit. In a much more detailed research, a series of remarks can be made, such as that at the basis of the increase in the purchase regarding the fluctuations in the cost of natural gas cost variations of energy and natural gas that consumers have to bear, there are a multitude of aspects imposed by the European Union. and energy, fluctuations that have proven to have created fluctuations in the business environment in our country over time. Following the research carried out, we can conclude that the main causes of the energy and natural gas market that create imbalances in the business environment are: - stock market fluctuations which in the current context have proven to be very dynamic and very unpredictable in extremely sudden changes; - energy import and transformations generated by cross-border flows; - the return to the consumption recorded before the pandemic period; - the reorganization of the geopolitical space based on the decisions imposed by the Russian Federation has a very big impact; - non-exploitation of natural gas stocks from warehouses to the maximum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyses the evolving character of Russia's energy relationships in the post-Soviet space by looking at the Caucasus and Central Asia. In the past, due to the historic legacy of Russia-controlled pipelines, Moscow was able to exert influence by manipulating structural asymmetries in regional natural gas value chains. This has changed with China's entry as the region's major market alternative and the breakthroughs of the global energy transition. The initial phase of Russia's declining 'energy power' vis-à-vis China in Central Asia came to an end as the Crimea crisis was unfolding, an event that has drastically changed the risk perception of Russian gas in Europe, setting off a chain of consequences that led to a re-evaluation of Russia's energy power in post-Soviet Eurasia. The essay also shows, however, that Russia maintains influence in post-Soviet Eurasia through inter-elite networks and shared concerns among hydrocarbon-exporting countries about the energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Üsküdar Universitiy Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Uskudar University Journal of Social Sciences (JOSOC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the history of the formation of the reference base and metrological infrastructure of gas analytical measurements in the Russian Federation. The state primary standard of the units of molar fraction, mass fraction, and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate environments, that is, GET 154-2019, is described. The main metrological characteristics of GET 154-2019 are presented and compared with the metrological characteristics of similar standards of the top national metrological institutes of other countries. Information on the inclusion of the aforementioned standard of different generations in international key comparisons conducted under the auspices of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is provided. The assessment of metrological support for gas analytical measurements in the Russian Federation is presented. The current tasks involved in gas analytical measurements in the fields of environmental control (i.e., control of emissions of pollutants, greenhouse gases, atmospheric air, and working area air), oil and gas industry (i.e., control of the composition of hydrocarbon raw materials and products of its processing), and control of the presence of ethanol vapors in exhaled air are also presented. The role and capabilities of GET 154-2019 in ensuring the uniformity of measurements for the transfer of units of the content of components to measuring instruments are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Do natural gas, oil, and coal consumption ameliorate environmental quality? Empirical evidence from Russia" has been retracted by the publisher due to concerns regarding the compromised peer review process, inappropriate references, nonstandard phrases, and the article not being within the scope of the journal. The authors Zahoor Ahmed and Dervis Kirikkaleli disagree with the retraction, while the publisher has been unable to contact author Muntasir Murshed. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

As countries scramble for cleaner energy production and to meet carbon reduction targets, natural gas seems to become an increasingly attractive option with liquified natural gas (LNG) as a popular transportation choice. In this paper, we first conduct a literature review and discuss the various factors affecting the global natural gas market, its recent history, current state, and future. Then we look at the possibility of East Asia becoming an alternative market to Europe for Russian LNG. We also bring in the US both as a political force that employs economic sanctions and as a potential LNG supplier. As a case study, we define a 3-player game between Russia, The United States, and Japan which results in relative market stability. In the case of sanctions against Russia, we conclude that it will lose its foothold in the Japanese market in the long term. Finally, we discuss the potential of LNG trading as the first step for East Asia's energy transition to a low-carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty regarding the supply of Russian natural gas is causing European gas and electricity prices to become extremely high and volatile. Coordination is essential to ensure that disruptions during difficult winter months do not lead to a break-up of the EU internal gas market with potentially serious political repercussions. One part of the EU response is the establishment of an EU Energy Platform for the purchase of gas, LNG and hydrogen. The platform can be developed into an effective emergency tool - if Member States buy gas jointly they will find it much easier to let markets allocate scarce volumes across borders in case of a full supply disruption from Russia. We detail two complementary proposals to achieve this. First, there should be EU-wide auctioning of a remuneration for filling storage sites in specific regions. Secondly, EU demand for additional LNG quantities, and the sourcing of this on international markets, should be coordinated through a platform - this creates a transparent market for said volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bilge Strateji is the property of BILGESAM and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, we provide the results of a simple quantitative analysis of the potential remedies to reduce the supply gap in Germany that arises if Russia stops delivering natural gas. We take into account the supply potential of other suppliers, and combine this with an analysis of the additional supply potential by stopping electricity generation from natural gas. Moreover, we investigate the effect of minimum storage requirements. We find that a realistic expansion of supply by other providers, in particular Norway, combined with the temporary replacement of gas-fired power plants by coal-fired power plants and expansive storage filling to 90 % of storage capacity strongly reduces the winter supply gap. In summer months, the supply gap is even negative, indicating the potential to store even more for the winter. In other words, most of the natural gas consumption can be maintained even if Russia fails to supply to Germany. It is important that the temporary replacement of gas-fired power plants by coal-fired power plants is not accompanied by an expansion of the CO2 emission cap, in order to ensure emission neutrality of the measure. If the expansion of renewable generation capacities proceeds as planned in the German government's „Easter Package" of spring 2022, the increased use of coal-fired power plants can be temporary and the coal exit in 2030 can be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia is the largest natural gas supplier to the EU. The invasion of Ukraine was followed by a cut-off of gas supplies from Russia to many EU countries, and the EU is planning to ban or dramatically reduce its dependence from Russia. We provide a dataset of daily gas consumption in five sectors (household and public buildings heating, power, industry, and other sectors) with supply source shares in the EU27 & UK from 2016 to 2022. The dataset separates the contributions of Russian gas imports, and other supply sources, and accounts for storage to estimate consumption. The dataset was developed with a gas network flow simulation model based on mass flow balance by combining data from multiple datasets including daily ENTSO-G pipelines gas transport and storage, ENTSO-E daily power production from gas, and Eurostat monthly gas consumption statistics per sector. The annual consumption data was validated against BP Statistical Review of World Energy and Eurostat datasets. We secondly analysed the share of gas supplied by Russia in each country to quantify the 'gap' that would result from a cessation of all Russian exports to Europe. Thirdly, we collected multiple data sources to assess how national gaps could be alleviated by 1) reducing the demand for heating in a plausible way using the lower envelope of gas empirical consumption - temperature functions, 2) increasing power generation from sources other than gas, 3) transferring gas savings from countries with surplus to those with deficits, and 4) increasing imports from other countries like Norway, the US, and Australia from either pipelines or LNG imports, accounting for existing capacities. Our results indicate that it should be theoretically possible for the EU to make up collectively for a sudden shortfall of Russian gas if combining the four solutions together, provided a perfect collaboration between EU countries and with the UK to redistribute gas from countries with surplus to those with deficits. Further analyses are required to investigate the implications for the costs including social, economic, and institutional dimensions, political barriers, and negative impacts on climate policies with inevitable increases of CO2 emissions if the use of coal is ramped up in the power sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas has returned to prominence in the agenda of European countries since the beginning of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in 2022. However, natural gas is a fossil source with severe environmental implications. This paper aims to verify the impact of natural gas on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for a European panel from 1993 to 2018 for sixteen countries. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model in the form of an unrestricted error correction model was used to identify the short-run impacts, the long-run elasticities, and the speed of adjustment of the model. The results indicate that in the short-run, natural gas has a negligible impact on CO2 emissions when faced with oil consumption (6.7 times less), whereas the consumption of renewables and hydroelectric energy proved to be able to decrease the CO2 emissions both in the short- and long-run. The elasticity of oil consumption is lower than the unit, indicating that efficiency gains have been achieved during the process of the energy transition to clean energy sources. If economies use non-renewable energy, governments must continue to prefer natural gas to oil. Renewables and hydroelectric consumption must be used to revert the path of CO2 emissions. Given the unstable scenario that has been caused by the War in Eastern Europe, politicians should focus on accelerating the transition from fossil to renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war in Ukraine has sensitized German policy makers towards the negative economic impact of a curtailment of natural gas flows from Russia. Given its large import dependency, Germany has implemented regulatory measures for mitigating a possible gas shortage and is seeking to diversify from pipeline imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In this context, we provide a comprehensive review of the natural gas crisis in Europe and place it in the context of the peculiar role of natural gas in Germany. We critically discuss the economic impact of an embargo, and assess demand and supply factors capable of mitigating a supply shortage. We derive a short-term import substitution potential of 13 bcm, assuming timely installation of Floating Storage and Regasification Units (FSRUs). We discuss the potential for demand reductions in the power sector, in industry consumption, and in households, and estimate a combined maximum of 24.1 bcm. Under decreased industrial demand, the most optimistic scenario indicates an import gap of about 9 bcm for a one-year perspective. Given our findings, we advocate for the delayed phasing out of coal and nuclear power, the accelerated deployment of renewable energy, and caution in the initial execution of storage quotas and restrictions to industrial consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat treatment is developed for commercial rolled thick sheets of cryogenic steel for liquefied natural gas equipment. It is shown that treatment guarantees the required mechanical and tribological properties. Performance specifications for rolled thick sheets are developed. Rolled sheets with thickness up to 50 mm are produced for the first time within the Russian Federation from cryogenic steel type 0N6 with additional copper alloying guaranteeing good operating properties and reliability for cryogenic devices and tanks operating down to –196°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of energy security and energy dependence has been discussed in many studies by different authors. The aim of this study is to show the high value of energy dependence of the European Union on the import of fossil energy sources from Russia in the context of the war in Ukraine. This paper used the theory of mutual interdependence and warned about the critical situation of mutual energy relations between the European Union and Russia and the risk associated with the low level of energy security of the European Union. The Article evaluated mutual energy relations between the European Union and Russia, which were given a new dimension in connection with Russian aggression in Ukraine. Equally the article accented the political element of mutual energy relations. Based on the theory of interdependence, the article explains the importance and risks of exporting and importing raw materials for Russia and the EU member states. The analysis was mainly based on data from the European statistical agency Eurostat. The synthesis of knowledge confirmed the urgent need to strengthen the energy security of the European Union. The conclusions of this article can be applied to other case studies that will continue research on the given topic and will respond to the current situation in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude oil and natural gas are crucial to the Russian economy. Therefore, this study examined the interconnections between crude oil price, natural gas price, and Russian economic policy uncertainty (EPU) over the period 1994–2019 using multivariate DCC-MGARCH models. The findings show that there are strong interconnections (co-movement) between the energy prices and EPU in Russia, and that it might be misleading to assume independence or neutrality between the variables. Although Russia is also a crucial player in both the natural gas and the crude oil markets, this study reveals that there is a stronger co-movement of the EPU with gas price than with the oil price. Russia is the largest exporter of natural gas and the second-largest producer; it is plausible that the natural gas price correlates with EPU more than the crude oil price. Further, the correlation between gas price and EPU and the correlation between crude oil price and EPU have similar patterns. Each declines almost in the same period and, equally, increases concurrently. In addition, the results revealed that significant global shocks and crises, such as the 2008 global financial crisis, the 2014–2017 Russian financial crisis, the 9/11 terrorist attack, and the Russo–Ukrainian conflicts, influence the interconnections between the energy prices and Russian EPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper "Considerations Regarding the Energy Crisis Started in 2021" presents the main causes and consequences of the current energy crisis, as well as a series of measures established by the European Commission, aiming at maintaining the stability on the European natural gas markets, ensuring Europe's independence from the fossil fuels of Russia well before 2030, accelerating the transition to green energy, while increasing the resilience of the EU's energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, over 96% of EU27 oil needs, nearly 90% of natural gas and over 43% of solid fuels were met by net imports, with the largest share coming from Russia (35% of oil, 40% of natural gas and 20% of solid fuels consumed in EU27). The decline in the share of oil since 2016 was more than off-set by the increase in gas and solid fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the developing oil and gas fields in Russia are located in Arctic regions and constructed on permafrost, where recent environmental changes cause multiple hazards for their infrastructure. The blowing-up of pingos, resulting in the formation of gas emission craters, is one of the disastrous processes associated both with these external changes and, likely, with deep sources of hydrocarbons. We traced the channels of fluid migration which link a gas features reservoirs with periglacial phenomena associated with such craters with the set of geophysical methods, including common depth point and shallow transient electromagnetic methods, on an area of a prospected gas field. We found correlated vertical anomalies of acoustic coherence and electrical resistivity associated with gas chimneys in the upper 500–600 m of the section. The thickness of the ice-bonded permafrost acting as a seal for fluids decreased in the chimney zone, forming 25–50 m deep pockets in the permafrost base. Three pingos out of six were located above chimneys in the study area of 200 km2. Two lakes with parapets typical for craters were found. We conclude that the combination of applied methods is efficacious in terms of identifying this type of hazard and locating potentially hazardous objects in the given territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]