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The modern system of national education, developing in the competence paradigm, puts on the agenda the need to form students' communicative skills that belong to the category of critical competencies of a meta-subject nature. The article discusses the methodological features and pedagogical conditions for forming meta-subject skills of schoolchildren in foreign language lessons. An attempt is proposed to determine the characteristics of the meta-subject approach, including a complex of personality traits that allow the student to act in a given communication situation at the level determined by the age-related psychological characteristics and the possibilities of the social experience of a younger student. The authors used the following research methods: utilizing the study and generalization of pedagogical experience and the survey method, the communicative, regulatory - behavioral and motivational characteristics of a younger student, which must be taken into account when introducing pedagogical technologies focused on meta-subject results in foreign language lessons, are concretized. The analysis of the real practice of an educational activity is aimed at establishing a set of features of the pedagogical support of the meta subject approach within the framework of the "foreign language" discipline in primary school. Based on the analysis of scientific literature on research and practical experience, several strategies have been identified that ensure the effective implementation of meta-subject results in younger students in foreign language lessons.

What can access to justice look like in an authoritarian setting? In Russia, the law allows ordinary citizens who do not have a legal education to act as so-called citizen legal advocates (CLAs) in both criminal cases and cases on administrative offenses (non-criminal infractions). Drawing on qualitative fieldwork among CLAs in training sessions and in court, we show that lay people can enhance access to justice by impacting defendants' experiences of the legal process itself despite the likely negative legal outcome. Through their multiple roles from legal advisors and coaches to guardians of prisoner welfare, we demonstrate the ways that lay people can contribute to access to justice at every stage of a defendant's journey through the system. Examining the case of lay lawyering in a repressive setting enables us to elicit and zoom in on practices—often obscured in the existing outcome-oriented scholarship—that are meaningful for access to justice in courts and prisons across the democratic/authoritarian divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How and to what extent do defense actors use publicity in trials of protesters in contemporary Russia? Why do they fight over strategic uses of publicity if "everything is decided in advance"? Drawing on original ethnographic research, this article finds, first, that publicity accompanies legal resistance to politicized prosecutions and is inventively used by the defense. Second, mobilization of publicity creates opportunities for the defense to bargain with and keep the prosecution in check. Third, the relationship between publicity and legal resistance in repressive settings is ambiguous. Some human rights lawyers embrace publicity and others avoid it. I argue that this divergence should be interpreted in relation to lawyers' embeddedness in different professional ecologies. At the same time, lawyers' publicity strategies are altered by the interactional dimension of the trial. The latter manifests itself on two levels: at the micro‐level of a courtroom and in the public sphere where different publics engage in debates that interfere with lawyers' defense strategies. This paper has broader implications for the analysis of defensive legal mobilization in dual legal systems beyond the Russian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In red skeletal muscle, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) is required for lactate to enter the myocytes for oxidation. The A1470T polymorphism (rs 1049434) in the MCT1 gene was shown to be associated with lactate transport rates in human skeletal muscles. The aim of the study was to compare genotype and allele frequencies of the MCT1 gene polymorphism in 323 Russian athletes and 467 nonathletic controls and to investigate the association of the MCT1 gene A1470T polymorphism with maximal oxygen consumption and maximal lactate concentration in rowers (n = 79). Methods: Genotyping fortheA1470TMC77 polymorphism was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Physiological measurements of 79 Russian rowers of national competitive standard were determined during an incremental test to exhaustion on a rowing ergometer. Results: Frequencies of the A allele (71.8% vs 62.5%, P< .0001) and AA genotype (59.8% vs 39.4%, P< .0001) were significantly higher in endurance-oriented athletes (n = 142) than in the control group. Mean blood lactate concentration was higher in male rowers with the T allele (AT+TT 10.26 ± 1.89 mmol/L, AA 8.75 ± 1.69 mmol/L, P = .005). Conclusions: MCT1 gene A1470T polymorphism is associated with endurance athlete status and blood lactate level after intensive exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An association study was performed for genetic polymorphisms in ADRB3 (rs4994) and ADRA2A (rs1800544, rs553668) genes to estimate their effect on quantitative parameters, including glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR index in women from the Tatar population of Russia. It has been shown that CT and CC are associated with metabolic syndrome and increased insulin. It was shown that ADRA2A (rs1800544) gene polymorphism was associated with high levels of insulin and an increased HOMA-IR index in GG- and GC-genotype carriers. Polymorphic locus rs553668 of gene ADRA2A is associated with increased glucose in CT- and TT-genotype carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine whether genetically distinct groups of Puccinia triticina are present in four regions of the Russian Federation. Collections of P. triticina were obtained from the Central, North Caucasus, Volga and West Siberia regions from 2006 to 2010. Ninety-nine single uredinial isolates were tested for virulence phenotype with 20 Thatcher near-isogenic lines of wheat. Forty-one virulence phenotypes were found in the four regions, with eight in common between the widely separated Central and West Siberia regions. A total of 72 isolates were tested for molecular genotype with 23 simple sequence repeat ( SSR) primer pairs, and 66 isolates were used for further analysis after clone correction for virulence and molecular genotype. Analysis of variation showed no overall differentiation of SSR genotypes or virulence phenotypes based on region of origin. Linkage disequilibria for SSR genotypes were high across the entire population. The regional populations had higher than expected levels of allelic heterozygosity that indicated clonal reproduction. Based on cluster analysis of SSR genotypes there were two groups of P. triticina isolates that were widely distributed across Russia. The two SSR groups also differed significantly for virulence. Puccinia triticina may be dispersed from a common source of inoculum in the European or Caucasus regions of Russia. The Russian P. triticina populations were highly differentiated for SSR genotype from populations in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan and more similar to populations from southern Kazakhstan and northern Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research concerned with predictors of talent in football has highlighted a number of potentially important and partially inherited measures such as body size, anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, agility, psychological profile, game intelligence and susceptibility to injuries. Genotyping for performance-associated DNA polymorphisms at an early age could be useful in predicting later success in football. The aim of the study was to investigate individually and in combination the association of common gene polymorphisms with football player’s status. A total of 246 Russian football players and 872 controls were genotyped for 8 gene polymorphisms, which were previously reported to be associated with athlete status. Four alleles (ACED, ACTN3Arg577, PPARArs4253778 C andUCP255Val) were first identified, showing discrete associations with football player’s status. Next, we determined the total genotype score (TGS, from the accumulated combination of the 4 polymorphisms, with a maximum value of 100 for the theoretically optimal polygenic score) in athletes and controls. The mean TGS was significantly higher in football players (52.0 (17.6) vs. 41.3 (15.5);P < 0.0001) than in controls. These data suggest that the likelihood of becoming a football player depends on the carriage of a high number of “favourable” gene variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M129V polymorphism of prion protein gene PRNP has been studied in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy ethnic Russians from Bashkortostan using allele-specific PCR. The genotype frequency distribution of the examined polymorphism in Russians from Bashkortostan was similar to that in European populations. MM, MV, and VV genotype frequencies in control group and in the MS patients were 50.24%, 42.58%, 7.18% and 43.33%, 45.83%, 10.84%, respectively. It was shown that in the group of MS patients with onset of the disease at the age of 21 and older, the frequency of the VV genotype was higher than in the control group (14.3% versus 6.18%, respectively, P = 0.041). We suggest that the VV genotype is associated with higher risk factor of MS development in the patients aged 21 years and older. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymerase chain reaction was used to study the association of polymorphic markers I/D of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ( ACE) and A1166C of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene ( AT2R1) with chronic heart failure (CHF) in Russian and Tatar patients that had had myocardial infarction. In Russian patients aged 50 years or younger that had had macrofocal myocardial infarction, the CC genotype of the A1166C polymorphic marker of gene AT2R1 was associated with an increased risk of CHF ( OR = 11.36). Genotype DD and allele D of the I/D polymorphic marker of gene ACE were associated with a more severe CHF (functional class III–IV) in Russian patients ( OR = 3.50 and 2.06). In Tatar patients, polymorphic markers I/D of gene ACE and A1166C of gene AT2R1 were not associated with CHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population-genetic study of indigenous populations representing three ethnic Chuvash group: highland (Cheboksarsk and Morgaush district), lowland (Kanash district) and mid-lowland (Marposad district). Eight polymorphic DNA loci of the nuclear genome (VNTR/PAH, STR/PAH, VNTR/ApoB, VNTR/DAT1, APF, VNTR/eNOS, IVS6aGATT, and KM.19/PstI) were examined in the population of each district. For each of the four population, we estimated the allele and genotype frequency distributions at each polymorphic system, heterozygosities HS and between-population differences FST. In the combined Chuvash sample, $\backslash bar\; H\_S$ = 0.464 and $\backslash bar\; F\_ST$ = 0.006. Loci VNTR(DAT) and VNTR(ApoB) showed highest between-population differentiation (0.009 ≤ FST ≤ 0.012), and loci IVS6aGATT, APF, VNTR (eNOS), and D7S23(KM.19), lowest differentiation (0.001 ≤ FST ≤ 0.003). Analysis of genetic distances revealed somewhat higher genetic similarity between the Cheboksarsk and Morgaush populations belonging to the highland Chuvash group, whereas the highland Chuvash population from the Marposad district, which belong to the mid-lowland group, was more distant from the former populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alleles and genotypes of the T174M polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene were PCR-analyzed in Russians and Tatars from Bashkortostan. The genotype frequency distribution observed in either ethnic group did not differ from that reported for other populations. The T174M polymorphism was tested for association with essential hypertension (EH). Genotypes TT, TM, and MM were found respectively in 82.56, 13.95, and 3.49% normotensive Russians and in 83.81, 16.19, and 0% normotensive Tatars. The frequency of genotype TM in patients with EH onset beyond 45 years of age was significantly higher than in controls of the same age without signs of cardiovascular disorders (51.72 vs. 11.11% in Russians and 45.45 vs. 16% in Tatars). Patients with EH onset under 45 did not differ in genotype frequency distribution from normotensive subjects of the same age. Genotype TM was associated with higher risk of EH in people over 45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Independent identification of the acute flaccid paralysis case in two European countries. • Poliovirus evolution in a patient who is immunocompetent (Sabin-like poliovirus type 3 to vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3). • Sanger and high-throughput sequencing revealed fast evolution. • Risk assessment of polio spread in Tajikistan and Russia. • There is a need to continue acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and high vaccination coverage. The detection of a vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) requires an epidemiological assessment and response. Using repeated stool sampling from a child who is immunocompetent and was vaccinated against poliomyelitis with acute flaccid paralysis, a case of an extremely rapid evolution of Sabin-like poliovirus (PV) type 3 was traced in the child's body. The case was independently identified in two countries—Tajikistan and Russia. Stool samples for the study were also independently collected in two countries on different days from the onset of paralysis. Virological, serological, and molecular methods; full genome Sanger; and high-throughput sequencing were performed to characterize isolates. PV isolates from samples collected on days 2, 3, and 14 contained eight, seven, and seven mutations in the VP1-coding region, respectively, and were classified as Sabin-like PV type 3. The isolates from samples collected on days 15 and 18 had 11 mutations and were classified as vaccine-derived PVs, which required an epidemiological response in the two countries. The results indicate the need to continue acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, maintain high vaccination coverage, and develop and introduce new effective, genetically stable PV vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of virologic testing of clinical materials and epidemiological analysis of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) cases obtained in 2006-2013 during AFP surveillance are presented. Among the 2976 cases of AFP 30 cases were VAPP. 15 cases were observed in OPV recipients, whereas 15 cases were observed in non-vaccinated contacts. The age of the patients varied from 4 months to 5.5 years (13.6 ± 12.4 months old). Children younger than 1 year constituted 63.3% of the group; boys were dominant (73.3%); 53.3% of children were vaccinated with OPV; the time period between receipt of OPV and onset of palsy was from 2 to 32 days (18.7 ± 8.2). Lower paraparesis was documented in 48.3% of patients; lower monoparesis in 37.9%; upper monoparesis, in 6.9%; tetraparesis with bulbar syndrome, in 6%. The majority of the patients (85.7%) had an unfavorable premorbid status. The violations of the humoral immunity were found in 73.9% cases: CVID (52.9%), hypogammaglobulinemia (41.2%); selective lgA deflciency (5.9%). In 70.6% cases damage to humoral immunity was combined with poor premorbid status. The most frequently observed (76%, p < 0.05) represented the single type of poliovirus--type 2 (44%) and type 3 (32%). All strains were of the vaccine origin, the divergence from the homotypic Sabin strains fell within the region of the gene encoding VPI protein, which did not exceed 0.5% of nucleotide substitutions except vaccine derived poliovirus type 2--multiple recombinant (type 2/type 3/ type 2/type 1) with the degree of the divergence of 1.44% isolated from 6-month old unvaccinated child (RUS08063034001). The frequency of the VAPP cases was a total of 1 case per 3.4 million doses of distributed OPV in 2006-2013; 2.2 cases per 1 million of newborns were observed. This frequency decreased after the introduction of the sequential scheme of vaccination (IPV, OPV) in 2008-2013 as compared with the period of exclusive use of OPV in 2006-2007: 1 case per 4.9 million doses, 1.4 cases per million newborns and 1 case per 1.9 million doses, 4.9 cases per 1 million newborns, respectively. The study has been financed from Russian Federation budget within the framework of the Program for eradication of poliomyelitis in the Russian Federation, WHO Polio eradication initiative, WHO's European Regional Bureau, Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 15-15-00147).