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Background: Mucolytic and expectorant drugs are important elements in the pharmacotherapy of respiratory diseases. Phytopectol No 2 (Pectorales species No 2) is one of the herbal multi-component drugs (herbal teas). Pectorales species No 2 (PS No 2) is a mixture of three types of medicinal plants presented on the Russian pharmaceutical market. It consists of coltsfoot leaves (40%), plantain leaves (30%), and licorice roots (30%). The PS No 2 infusion is a dosage form prepared from crushed or powdered plant material. The PS No 2 infusion exhibits expectorant and anti-inflammatory activity; it is used in the treatment of respiratory diseases and to facilitate the release of sputum. Purpose: This review study aims to collect and analyze the literature data concerning the composition and content of polysaccharides, their monosaccharide composition in PS No 2 and its components. Methods: We used different scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, e-Library, Google Scholar for information search. Result: Nowadays, synthetic drugs, herbal remedies, and combined medicines with expectorant action are presented on the Russian and world markets. Herbal medicines can be classified into single drugs containing one plant/component, and medicines with two or more plants/components. Herbal medicines take leading places in the segment of the mucoactive drugs market along with synthetic ones in the Russian Federation. Most of the PS No 2 polysaccharides are arabinogalactans, rhamnogalacturonans, galacturonans, galactans. The arabinose (up to 15%), glucose (up to 26%), galactose (up to 23%), rhamnose (up to 40%), as well as galacturonic acid (up to 26%) are presented in monosaccharide composition of PS No 2 polysaccharide complex. Conclusion: Polysaccharides of various types are the main group of biologically active compounds (BAC) in PS No 2. The monomer composition of the polysaccharides causing the pharmacological action of PS No 2 should be established to improve the standardization procedures of crude herbal drugs and to identify BAC. The ratio of these carbohydrates can serve as a marker parameter in the standardization of PS No 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides an overview of polysaccharides as a multifaceted group of biologically active compounds; they are discussed in the framework of modern pharmacognostic analysis. Data on chemical classification, component composition, physicochemical properties, and the content of polysaccharides in crude herbal drugs in the Russian Federation are consistently presented and analyzed. Some general groups and major compounds are characterized taking into account the use in pharmaceutical practice. Polysaccharides are the products of secondary metabolism; some of them can be used in pharmacy as excipients, while others have pronounced pharmacological effects and are active pharmaceutical ingredients. Improvement and development of procedures for the pharmacopoeial. analysis of crude herbal drugs containing polysaccharides and preparations based on are important tasks of modern pharmacognosy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-associated disorders, including cognitive functions, that often occur in geriatric patients, necessitate the use of novel approaches to provide appropriate medical care, pharmacoprophylaxis and pharmacotherapy among them. At the same time, an important objective of the national healthcare system is not only stimulating of pharmaceutical companies and pharmacies to expand the range of medicines intended for elderly patients, but also increasing availability of medicinal products, including the integration of extemporaneous formulations into clinical practice. Presented review considers several features of the regulation of the use of extemporaneous formulations in the treatment of geriatric patients. Examples of prescriptions that are used in Russian medical practice and are of the greatest interest in the treatment of elderly patients are also presented.