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The article presents an analysis of the instructions of the local sejmik (an assembly of the regional nobility) prepared for their Vawkavysk representants (envoys) at the Sejm sessions during the reign of King August III (1735–1763). These instructions included from 4 to 40 points. Vawkavysk envoys at the time of August III were well-known parliamentarians of their epoch; there were such personages as Stefan Olędzki, Michał Antoni Sapieha, Kazimierz Massalski, Ludwik Gerwazy Oskierka and Dominik Suchodolski. They were supporters of the Familia Party (a political faction led by the Czartoryskis and allied families), which sought to reform the state to strengthen it. The instruction to the Vawkavysk envoys covered a wide range of the state’s domestic and foreign policy issues, as well as the affairs of the Vawkavysk poviat (county) itself. These instructions contain items concerning the functioning of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sejm, the increase of the size of the army, the reform of the judiciary, economic and financial issues, demands for independence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, others regarding private points in the interests of individual noblemen, as well as foreign policy activities (primarily in relation with Russia issues). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the judicial reform and system of judicial governance in Russia since the end of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Topics discussed are rules of judicial appointment established in the 1990s for all courts, efficiency and fairness of administration of justice with the creation of Justices of the Peace, simplification of procedures, remaking of the system of appeals, and impact of the war in Ukraine on the prospects for the continuation of judicial reform.

The world has experienced numerous armed conflicts and violations of human rights arising from conflicts. However, many millions of human rights abuses have occurred outside of conflict. These have been on the rise over the last fifteen years. This article enquires why the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has not played the role it could have over the last seventy-five years. This is done with reference to the use of force by the Russian Federation (Russia) in Ukraine in 2022. It is argued that when it comes to dealing with wars, conflict, and human rights violations, the Court has played a limited role and has been less than robust than it could have been. The article investigates the problems that undermine the Court, including the appointment process for judges, the use of ad hoc judges, jurisdictional limitations, and issues concerning compliance and enforcement of its judgments. The argument made is that politics and political considerations are deeply imbedded in these processes and that an independent structure is needed. It is also argued that while some of the problems of the Court are structural, others are of the Court's own making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the influence of the ideas of J. Bentham, set out in his treatise „On the judiciary", on the authors of the judicial reform of 1864 in Russia. The author divides the ideas and suggestions of Jeremy Bentham, concerning the court, into three groups: rejected by the reformers, partially accepted, and those, which were enshrined in the Judicial Statutes of 1864. The first group included the ideas of a single court, the replacement of judges and the election of all judges by the people, of a jury in civil cases. The ideas of the great English philosopher of law, partially adopted by the „fathers of judicial reform of 1864", include, in particular, the idea of creating a mechanism for the removal of negligent judges. The ideas of J. Bentham, which found their place in the text of the Judicial Statutes of 1864, - the creation of the institution of jury, trial lawyers, ensuring high salaries of judges, publicity of the proceedings, the establishment of the optimal contingent of judges, etc. The author notes, that the debate over the ideas of Bentham continued after the Judicial Statutes were created and became the law. This historiographical phenomenon once again reveals the relevance of the ideas of the great English philosopher of law about court and legal proceedings for the Russian post-reform reality. And for the modern Russian court, which is in a state of sluggish judicial reform since the early 90-ies of the last century, a number of ideas of Bentham have not lost its importance. The author emphasizes, that despite the paradox of some of the Bentham's ideas about court, the great English philosopher of law was concerned about the high idea: to create a project of a fair trial, credible to the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the discourse of professional self‐presentation of the new Russian trial lawyer in the decades following the Judicial Reform of 1864. Reluctant to be seen as a mere expert, the lawyer presented himself as an artist and citizen and modeled elements of his professional image after the paradigm of the Russian writer. The entwining of the civic and the artistic in the lawyer’s self‐fashioning was part of his program to defend the profession before an often hostile public opinion and to shore up his professional and cultural authority. In bringing out this aspect of the lawyer’s quest for professional identity we gain a fuller understanding of the fraught relationship between Russian law and letters in the post‐reform decades. While traditionally, the writers’ critique of lawyers has been viewed as an expression of moral disapproval of lawyering and of a more abstract antipathy to law, the article suggests that the lawyers’ continued efforts to portray themselves as Russian writers’ surrogates in the courtroom was also a cause for concern and a reason for criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Concept of long-term social-economic strategic development of the Russian federation for the period until 2020, which was ratified by the edict of the Government of the Russian Federation dated from 17 November 2008 № 1662-p in order to increase the effectiveness of political and legal institutions and to provide the enforcement of the Russian Federation legislation, the judicial reform was named. This reform provides efficiency and justice of the court decisions. In this regard the matter of creation of specialized courts, which would improve the quality of case consideration, is broadly discussed. Many options of the most acceptable judicial system structure are offered. Case study labour justice the necessity of specialized labour courts establishment and foundation in the Russian Federation is considered. The reason is the huge amount of labour relations cases and the specificity of the court procedure. On the basis of procedural peculiarities of labour disputes resolution and settlement in the Russian Federation research and analysis of the foreign experience the author offers a concept of labour justice formation in the Russian Federation and formulates the definition of a specialized court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history associated with the development of Federal Law "On alternative dispute resolution process involving a mediator (mediation)" in Russia which was adopted on January 1, 2011. Topics discussed include Civil Procedure Code of 1864 was enacted in the course of judicial reform, reform of procedural law had been completed in the Russian Federation in 2002 and alternative dispute resolution institute was dedicated to commercial arbitration.

Copyright of Varstvoslovje: Journal of Criminal Justice & Security is the property of University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice & Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses the legal culture of late imperial Russia as reflected in the work of its highest criminal appeals court, the Criminal Cassation Department. The texts of the decisions rendered by Criminal Cassation, pre-revolutionary Russia's approximate version of the U.S. Supreme Court in criminal law, demonstrate a commitment to legality expressed in a close reading of, and adherence to, statute ( zakon). This zakonnost', in contrast to many of the other vital 'legalities' described in late imperial historiography, was not motivated principally by political, cultural, or social ideology; rather, it was the product of a Westernized, maturing jurisprudence, dedicated to law in itself as a calling and task beyond extralegal considerations, and may be regarded as an example of Richard Wortman's notion of 'Russian legal consciousness' in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extension of the anti-visual turn of twentieth-century Continental philosophy, listening-based ethics is frequently presented as at odds with traditional ethics and is said to be more effective in promoting inclusiveness, care, respect for difference, and other progressive values. These discussions typically present listening as uniquely sensitive and open to otherness and encouraging of acceptance, mutuality, and sympathy. The paper examines these claims, as well as the analogy between listening and reading, in relation to the understanding of listening by the champions of the Russian 1864 Judicial reform, and in relation to the story and the narrative situation of 'Akul'ka's Husband,' an inset tale in Dostoevsky's Notes from the House of the Dead. The paper argues that 'Akul'ka's Husband' and reformers' discourse challenge the analogy between reading and listening, as well as the twin claims that listening to another and being made aware of the particulars of her story cannot but provoke a sympathetic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Criminal Investigation & Criminology / Revija za Kriminalistiko in Kriminologijo is the property of Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Slovenia, Police and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As revealed by jokes and anecdotes, the Judicial Reform of 1864 not only changed the Russian public's attitude toward the courts from negative to positive but also laid the groundwork for the emergence of a civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of jury trials in modern Russia is perhaps surprising for foreign observers. Sometimes seen as a withering flower in a snowy country with bears, the jury is nonetheless a real, working institution in Russia. Its legislative and practical mechanisms will be presented in this Article, which is divided into three parts: Part I will analyze the history of the Russian jury before 1917, the subsequent Soviet development of the idea of lay participation in criminal justice, and the reintroduction of the jury in 1989-2002. The current legislation, case law, and statistical data will be the subject of Part II. Part III will discuss the problems and perspectives of jury trials in Russia. A short conclusion will present an assessment of the present and the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay deals with the figure of the eminent jurist Russian Anatoliĭ Fedorovich Koni, representative of the current legal liberal-moderate of pre-revolutionary Russia. Recover your interest in the work of the great master of modern Russian literature, Pushkin, who joins the program to modernize the judicial reforms initiated in 1864. Also lists personal relationships with contemporary writers, including those listed Chekhov, Dostoiesvki and Tolstoy. On this basis analyzed the overlapping law and literature in two directions, from the legal considerations of literary texts as well as potential of legal categories in literary creation. Finally, insert the two constructions in the atmosphere of a literary and legal culture from which prefigures the literary modernist and (ephemeral and failed) legal modernist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that as an interactive, tactical approach to sharing good practices, model courts represent an especially fruitful vehicle for accomplishing judicial reform. This contention is illustrated with an assessment of Canadian and American judicial reform projects in Russia in creating model district courts and diffusing their experience to other courts throughout the country. Mechanisms of diffusion included both a new curriculum for the training of court staff and new instructions for case management, as well as the indirect spread of concepts and practices through social learning. The article goes on to explore the reasons for the success of these projects and the conditions under which the tactical approach is most appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the free institutions existed in Russia and its freedom struggle. It examines a peculiar institution prevailed in Russia called the veche, which means meeting. It met to decide legislative, administrative and judicial problems. It further explores the military democracies in the semi-independent South of Russia which flourished from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the seventeenth century. A 'period of great reforms' that took under Alexander II is also discussed.

On the basis of a set of general criteria for assessing court systems (independence, power, accountability, accessibility, efficiency, procedural rules, and public assessment), this article analyzes the achievements and shortcomings of judicial reform in the Russian Federation during the Yeltsin and Putin eras. It goes on to dissect the state of the courts at the end of Putin's presidency, including public attitudes toward them, and to suggest a series of changes in Russia's judicial system that would constitute or reflect further improvements, including a decline in the power of chairs of courts, more effective recruitment and training of judges, and a new approach to their evaluation. The article argues that there have been substantial improvements in management and support of courts and the judiciary in the Russian Federation over the past fifteen years, while at the same time informal practices continue whereby powerful persons see courts in instrumental terms and from time to time try to exert inappropriate influence on the outcome of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]