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Writing native-like has always been a primary purpose for non-native writers of English and, accordingly, many language components have been investigated to develop writers' fluency. One of these language components is syntactic complexity (SC), which is often regarded as a reliable way to grade any texts from easy to difficult. This study aims to compare native and non-native writers' fluency by measuring their SC and to create a reference SC point for non-native writers of English. To achieve this, the study comprised two groups: Group 1 was composed of native speakers from Inner-circle countries, namely USA, England, Canada, and Australia, and Group 2 was composed of non-native speakers from Expanding countries, namely Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China. The data were composed of 200 MA dissertations in ELT equally collected from countries in Group 1 and Group 2. SC realisations were divided into 14 subcategories. The 14 sub-categories constituted a taxonomy for SC and they were analysed through ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Independent sample t-test, and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference in 9 categories in favour of Group 1 and that the average SC scores of Group1 are significantly high compared to Group 2. The study suggests that writers of MA dissertations pay particular attention to SC, if native-like fluency is sought because it was concluded that native writers of MA dissertations are prone to write with higher SC level when compared to non-native writers of MA dissertations.

Long-standing disputes between Ukraine and Russia escalated into a heated conflict in February 2022, resulting in significant repercussions across international politics, European security, the NATO alliance, regional dynamics, and military strategy. This article aims to explore these effects in detail. Primarily, the article concludes that the Russia-Ukraine war has disrupted the post-1990s rules-based global order that had ensured peace among major global powers for over three decades. Furthermore, the forcible violation of an independent state's borders by Russia, irrespective of international law, poses a grave threat to Europe's security. In response to the visible threat posed by Russia, the NATO alliance rallied and strengthened under the leadership of the United States. European states began prioritizing defense capabilities to deter potential threats from Russia. Moreover, the conflict underscored the increased importance of artillery, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), air defense systems, and electronic target detection in military strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine learning strategies accounted for mathematics achievement across Turkey and neighboring countries. Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Israel, Serbia, Romania and Jordan were involved in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009) study. Since other neighbors of Turkey were not participated in PISA study, they were not evaluated. In this study, PISA mathematics test score and questionnaire responses of 17224 students aged 15 year-old were analyzed via multilevel models. Three-level model was used to estimate coefficients and to model differences across countries and schools. At the first level, gender, socio-economic status (SES), elaboration, memorization, control strategy, home educational resources and cultural possession were considered and it was determined that all the variables except memorization strategy had positive effect on students' mathematics achievement. School size and student-teacher ratio were considered at the second level and gross domestic product (GDP) was considered at the third level. At the second and third level, it was revealed that all the variables except student-teacher ratio had a positive effect on students' achievement. The signs of significant coefficients on students' mathematics scores for each country were shown by using two- level regression. These results were crucially important for the education system to be effective in terms of increasing students' mathematics achievement due to the fact that changing school climate and improving the learning strategies are much easier to achieve than changing other variables affecting students' performance. (Contains 1 table and 1 graph.)

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Copyright of Turkish Yearbook of International Relations is the property of Ankara Universitesi, Faculty of Political Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal for Baltic & Nordic Studies/Revista Romana de Studii Baltice si Nordice is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

That Russian economy and policy have experienced a form of a decline in both regional and international affairs after the demise of the Soviet Union is a fact. Huge budget deficit in one hand and the loss of political influence in particularly the near abroad have put Russia in a difficult position. It is the geopolitics of energy resources that Russia posses that has provided the opportunity for Russia to come over this difficult situation. Ownership of immense crude oil and natural gas reserves and the dominance over the control of the transportation routes have been very influential in the revival of Russian economy and politics in both regional and global scale. Moreover, Russia has proven to be willing and active in making use of her energy sources and transportation routes as a tool in her foreign policy. Russia has found an opportunity to assert her strength and influence upon the relevant states by the successful use of energy geopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]