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For two years, the contribution of fungi and bacteria to the process of net ammonification in soddy-podzolic soil of the sorrel–blueberry birch forest of Yaroslavl oblast was determined using inhibitory analysis. It was established that the litter is characterized by equal participation of fungi and bacteria in this process. In the humus horizon, a slight excess of fungi over bacteria was noted in years of normal moisture and there was a clear dominance of fungi in dry years. In the eluvial part of the profile, the close contribution of these groups was noted, with an insignificant prevalence of one of them over the years of study. The maximum air temperature is able to change the seasonal dynamics of the abundance of saprotrophic fungi in the soil and to some extent form the generic structure of the mycobiota in the horizons of the soil profile of the birch forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of fungi and bacteria to the process of net ammonification in the soddy–podzolic soil of the wood sorrel–bilberry birch forest of Yaroslavl oblast has been determined using inhibitory analysis. Representatives of the genera Penicillium Link (70–99%) and Trichoderma Pers. (6–20%) dominate in the mycobiota of saprotrophic fungi. Seasonal changes in the total number of fungi and the content of Corg and Norg in the soil correlate only in the eluvial horizon, with r = (–0.8) and (–0.7). In horizons A0 and A2, total fungal abundance is negatively correlated with nitrogen accumulation, with r = (–0.85) to (–0.89). It has been established that the litter is characterized by an equal participation of fungi and bacteria in this process. In the humus horizon, a slight excess of the participation of fungi over bacteria is noted. In the eluvial part of the profile, the contribution of bacteria is slightly higher than the contribution of fungi. The maximum air temperature is able to regulate the seasonal dynamics of the number of saprotrophic fungi in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnostic complex of the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak (R = 36 cm, a = 24 cm), the only operating tokamak in Russia with a divertor plasma configuration, which operates in the range of subthermonuclear temperatures (Te to 1.6 keV, Ti to 4.5 keV) and densities (ne to 2 × 1020 m–3), is described. The Globus‑M2 tokamak is the unique scientific facility, which is a part of the Federal Center for Collective Use of the Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences "Materials Science and Diagnostics in Advanced Technologies." This allows third parties to perform their research using it. The work contains a list of all diagnostics currently available on the tokamak. The description of the diagnostics is structured in such a way that the reader gets an idea of their capabilities for measuring plasma parameters with an emphasis on the limits and accuracy of the measured values, and also spatial and time resolution. At the same time, many technical details are omitted in order to save space; references are given to papers with a more detailed description of individual diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study of the lipid and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon underyearlings reared under natural and continuous light in commercial aquaculture in the summer–autumn period in North Ossetia–Alania was carried out. The change in the main indicators of lipid metabolism in salmon underyearlings from September to November was found to have a stable trend aimed at preparing juveniles for smoltification. A change in key fatty acid indicators was detected: an increase in the content of PUFAs due to (n-3)PUFAs, and the "marine" type of PUFA due to 22:6(n-3), high values of the ratios (n-3)/(n-6) PUFA, 18:3(n-3)/18:2(n-6), 22:6(n-3)/18:3(n-3). This study has shown the stimulating effect of the combined and stable action of the continuous photoperiod and feeding in the summer–autumn period in the preparation for smoltification of Atlantic salmon fingerlings grown under aquaculture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameters and current status of development of the highest-power neutron source of the PIK research reactor (Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute"–PNPI), Gatchina) are described. The results of the first experiments on the obtained neutron beams are reported, which were performed at bringing the PIK reactor to the power mode of operation. The PIK research reactor complex, running at its full design capacities, will determine the strategy of development of neutron studies in the Russian Federation for several decades and will become the basis for the International Center for Neutron Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The program of developing the instrument base of reactor complex PIK is reviewed. This program is carried out in correspondence with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 356 on July 25, 2019 and the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Synchrotron and Neutron Research and Research Infrastructure on the 2019–2027s. The general concept and plans of formation of the instrument base are reported in the four-volume manuscript PIK Reactor Complex (editors V.L. Aksenov and M.V. Kovalchuk), published in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the peculiarities of vegetation structural-dynamic organization on post-agrarian landscapes in the Western Trans-Baikal allowed to establish modern trends of reconstitution of grasses (in the steppes) coenoses and the vector of formation of forest ones (at the initial stage of development) during last decades - since lands ploughing up for agricultural plants and use of the territories for pasturage had stopped. Land use in a region with relatively dry periods during different years at elevated anthropogenic pressure results in considerable destructions of soil and vegetation cover. The studied area is situated within the most important biogeographic boundaries, within the boundaries of regions and provinces of southern boreal forests and zonal dry bunchgrass steppes of Central Asian type. Degrading of the environment under such conditions is more manifested and vegetation reconstitution here is a long process in time and space. Recently there are trends of forests reconstitution on the lands ploughed up before and in the sites used during many years for pasturage. Steppificated spare stands of pine with cereals and motley grasses form, this is initial stage of forests of zonal type formation. There can be a constraint of forests formation on the fallows such as probable increase of anthropogenic impact, mainly pasturage accompanied periodically with burning (fire) on the background of climate changes determining the vector of formation of environmental conditions in the whole region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of structural-dynamic organization of phytocoenoses at the contact of forests and extrazonal steppe are found out. The studied area is characterized by light-coniferous forests and by extrazonal (depression type) steppe cenoses forming on the valley bottom and along its boards and slopes trails of different expositions. The phytocoenoses of such habitats were used for a long period for pasturage and their considerable part was ploughed up for agriculture in the first half of last century. Nowadays they are mainly not used - these are fallows. It is noticed that during last 25-40 years, forests form steadily on the fallows and territories used before for pasturage. This is mainly due to changing environmental conditions as well as with the character of anthropogenic impact such as pasturage, ploughing up, cutting and fires during last decades. Formation of light-coniferous forests of zonal type is characteristic for the whole Tunka valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myxobolus pelecicola Voronin et Dudin, 2015 was recently described from the skeletal musculature of sichel Pelecus cultratus. However, another species, Myxobolus ladogensis Rumyantsev et Schulman, 1997, was described previously from the same host, displaying identical tissue localization and spore morphology as in M. pelecicola. Unfortunately, M. ladogensis was overlooked when M. pelecicola was described, resulting in the superfluous description of the latter species, which, according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, is a junior synonym of M. ladogensis. The description of M. ladogensis is supplemented with SSU rDNA sequence analysis supporting the conspecificity with M. pelecicola. The closest relatives of Myxobolus ladogensis (syn. M. pelecicola) include several muscle-infecting Myxobolus spp. with sequence similarity below 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichinellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella , is still a public health concern in the Arctic. The aims of this study were to investigate the seroprevalence of anti- Trichinella IgG in aboriginal peoples of two settlements in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation) on the Arctic coast of the Bering Sea, and to evaluate the survival of Trichinella nativa larvae in local fermented and frozen meat products. A seroprevalence of 24.3% was detected in 259 people tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The highest prevalence was detected among people who consumed traditional local foods made from the meat of marine mammals. Trichinella nativa larvae were found to survive for up to 24 months in a fermented and frozen marine mammal meat product called kopalkhen. Since the T. nativa life cycle can be completed in the absence of humans, it can be expected to persist in the environment and therefore remain a cause of morbidity in the human populations living in Arctic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new columbite-supergroup mineral dmitryvarlamovite, ideally Ti2(Fe3+Nb)O8, was discovered in weathered alkaline metasomatic assemblages formed after late Riphaean sedimentary carbonate rocks of the Verkhne-Shchugorskoe deposit, Middle Timan Mts., Russia. The associated minerals are columbite-(Fe), pyrochlore-group minerals, monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), baryte, pyrite, drugmanite and plumbogummite. Dmitryvarlamovite occurs as isolated anhedral equant grains up to 0.5 mm across. The colour of dmitryvarlamovite is black, the streak is black and the lustre is submetallic. The new mineral is brittle, with the mean VHN hardness of 753 kg mm–2 corresponding to the Mohs' hardness of 6. No cleavage is observed. The fracture is conchoidal. The calculated density is 4.891 g⋅cm–3. In reflected light, dmitryvarlamovite is light grey; no pleochroism is observed. The reflectance values (R min, % / R max, % / λ, nm) are: 19.8/20.3/470, 18.3/18.9/546, 17.8/18.5/589 and 17.3/17.8/650. The chemical composition is (electron microprobe data, with iron divided into Fe2O3 and FeO based on the charge balance, wt.%): MnO 0.11, FeO 1.51, V2O3 0.89, Cr2O3 0.28, Fe2O3 19.26, TiO2 37.72, Nb2O5 40.08, total 99.85. The IR and Raman spectra indicate the absence of H-, C- and N-bearing groups. The empirical formula is (Fe2+0.08V3+0.05Cr3+0.01Fe3+0.92Ti1.79Nb1.15)Σ4.00O8. The crystal structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined to R = 0.048. Dmitryvarlamovite is orthorhombic, space group P 21212, a = 4.9825(6), b = 4.6268(4), c = 5.5952(6) Å and V = 5.5952(6) Å3 (Z = 1). The structure is related to those of wolframite-group minerals but differs in the scheme of cation ordering. The crystal-chemical formula derived based on the structural data is (Ti0.57Nb0.21Fe3+0.15Fe2+0.04V0.02Cr0.01)2(Nb0.36Ti0.33Fe3+0.31)2O8. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [ d , Å (I , %) (hkl)] are: 3.58 (40) (011), 2.911 (100) (111), 2.809 (40) (002), 2.497 (38) (020), 2.447 (29) (103), 1.7363 (32) (103) and 1.7047 (29) (220). Dmitryvarlamovite is named after Dmitry Anatol'evich Varlamov (b. 1965). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoproterozoic carbonatites and related igneous rocks, including A-type granites in the Tatarka-Ishimba suture zone of the Yenisey Ridge are confined to a horst-anticlinal structure that was formed in a transpression setting during the oblique collision between the Central Angara terrane and the Siberian craton. The carbonatites, associating mafic (including alkaline) dikes as well as the Srednetatarka nepheline syenites are the oldest igneous formations of the Tatarka active continental margin complex. Geochronological data indicate that magmatic evolution continued in the studied anticline for nearly 100 m.y. On the earliest stage carbonatites were formed and on the last stage - the emplacement of mantle-crustal A-type Tatarka granites took place. According to new U/Pb zircon studies, the earliest rocks in the Tatarka pluton are A-type leucogranites aged 646 ± 8 Ma. The younger Ar/Ar ages of carbonatites obtained for phlogopites (647 ± 7 and 629 ± 6 Ma) are related to the last tectonic events in the studied region of the Tatarka-Ishimba suture zone, which are coeval with the formation of the A-type granitoids (646-629 Ma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A set of δ 18O-tree-ring series obtained from larch trees growing in three different ecotopes near Lake Baikal are analysed together with the relevant meteorological data. It has recently been proposed that the external forcing factor, as a characteristic of the total investigated territory, must cause a certain similarity of the essential properties of the simple processes induced by this forcing. The similarity is the main point of this investigation and is the basis for a constructive definition of the intersection of the sets of these induced processes as data sets. We specify the elements of the intersection of the sets as the “common signals” for each process (set). The common signals are computed by a new algorithm of “co-filtering”, which is based on the trigonometric Fourier transform. We call the output of this algorithm the “co-filtered common signals” (CCS). We discovered that the CCS gave substantial contributions to the variances of the initial isotope series, which are more weakly correlated than their CCS. Next, we found that synchronous variations of the CCS of the temperature and precipitation for April–May and June–August induce synchronous variations in the CCS of the δ 18O-tree-ring series. Furthermore, the characteristics of such synchronism vary with time. We concluded that the CCS of the δ 18O-tree-ring series clearly express the external forcing factor even when there are significant differences in the vegetation conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It has been found that the origin of the Patom Crater is related to endogenous processes with the main role played by deep flow of fluid components, which determine formation of the ejecta cone at about 500 years ago or more. This is evidenced by the zonal structure of the crater and geochemical peculiarities of rocks, caused by the long formation time for particular zones. Sandstone and schist blocks that were included into eruptive breccia within the crater were affected by gaseous or fluid components and intensively carbonized. During carbonatization, these rocks within the crater were being enriched in Ca and Sr, but the shares of the Sr and, consequently, Sr/Sr ratio in them abruptly decrease. This is explained by the influence of deep fluids on terrigenous rocks, which were initially depleted in the radiogenic strontium isotope and might flow from a magmatic source with a low Sr/Sr ratio. However, these fluids were enriched in CO2 and transported significant quantities of Sr, which led to enrichment of all terrigenous rocks in the crater in this element. The discovery of individual sandstone blocks with high concentrations of summarized rare earth elements (up to 557 g/t) and higher Sr and Ba contents among the fragments of host stratum within the Patom Crater allows us to suppose that there is a magmatic source enriched in fluid components at depths. The effect of the active fluid phase with low strontium isotopic ratios on rocks during the Patom Crater formation might lead to an abrupt decrease in values of the initial Sr/Sr ratio in carbonized sandstones and schists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A peat-humic agent (PHA), derived by mechanical, chemical, and thermobaric treatment of peat from the Krugloe deposit (Novosibirsk region, Russia), is a good sorbent for potentially toxic elements, and can be used to neutralise acid mine drainage (AMD). A new AMD remediation method has been developed using this PHA with subsequent solid/liquid separation using haydite sand or activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using geological, geophysical, and thermophysical parameters, we performed a numeric modeling of the thermal regime of a collisional process by the example of the Yenisei Ridge Neoproterozoic orogen in the southwestern framing of the Siberian platform. The results yielded by the described 3D numerical models and by the one-dimensional parametric modeling of the thermal effect of crustal matter differentiation allowed reconstructing the main tectonothermal processes of the collisional stage of this structure formation. The performed modeling allows taking into account the local particularities of the crustal thermal state of the structure under discussion and at the same time it allows determining the general regularities, typical of orogens on post-collisional stages. We have established that it is the action of three factors that significantly influences the thermal regime: the radiogenic heat of the intrusions, high heat flow anomalies, and clustering of the Glushikha complex leucogranitic bodies in the central region of the Central Angara terrane. Our studies have shown that tectonic processes combined with diachronous magmatic activity can significantly affect the course of collisional orogens’ thermal history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the development and implementation of a national marine policy in Russia. It states that the government approves the implementation of Marine Doctrine of the Russian Federation as a comprehensive and long-term policy that deals with the country's marine domestically and international activities. It also presents the development of new methods and technologies used for hydrographic works and nautical activities.

Abstract: We report new radiocarbon ages, pollen stratigraphy, and botanical composition of an organic sediment sequence from mountains along the northwestern side of Lake Baikal. The calendar age of the peat is ca. 9.5 kyr BP. The pollen spectra between 9.5 and 8.5 kyr ago show vegetation consisting mostly of open larch and spruce-larch forests with minor birch. The interval from 7.5 to 6.8 kyr BP is marked by broad fir spread confirmed also by the peat botanical composition. The climate inferred for the period of fir dominance combines mild winters, cool summers, thick snow cover, and abundant moisture, apparently due to more intense North Atlantic air transport. Fir percentages decrease dramatically after 6.8 kyr BP, when pines begin to spread in the Baikal watershed. The peat record bears imprint of North Atlantic cooling events identified as intervals of ice-rafted detritus deposition and low surface water temperatures. The new data allow a better insight into the regional climate and landscapes, and the reliable age model provides regional and inter-regional correlations of global change events. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

BACKGROUND: 274 children were HIV-infected during 1988-89 in hospitals in the South of Russia during treatment of heavy pathology requiring an intensive therapy and catheterization of large venous vessels. Today only 140 children, receiving HAART now, remain alive. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 1988 - 89 mothers having nosocomially HIV-infected children were tested on a 'WHOQOL-100' technique (Russian version). FINDINGS: Though the majority of mothers estimated the basic domains of quality of life (QoL) as average and good, the significant part considers their QoL as bad (in physical health, 22.7%, in psychological health, 20.4%, in environment, 25%, in social relationship, 11.4%). The least data of the test were in facets of financial resources, medical and social help and 47.7% consider a general QoL and condition of health as bad, 54.5% marks a lack of positive emotions, and 52.3% had plenty of negative emotions. 45.5% of mothers marked unsatisfactory opportunities for rest and entertainments, 31.8% of those interrogated had problems with an environment of a house. For the most part, mothers considered their health as 'neither bad, nor good' (63.9%), as 'basically bad' (9.1%), and 22.7% as 'basically good'. The basic problems are 'heart problems' (38.6%), 'increased blood pressure' (25%), 'chronic nervous/emotional problems' (36.4%), 'depression' (31.8%). The absence of problems with health was noted by only 9.1% of those surveyed. Overall, 54.5% of mothers considered themselves as patients, and 22.7% as requiring medical treatment 'rather urgently'. At the same time, only 11.4% had received stationary treatment 'in the last 2 weeks', and 15.9%, any out-patient treatment. INTERPRETATION: The problems of QoL and of psychosocial rehabilitation of mothers having nosocomially HIV-infected children are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the occurrence and distribution of parasites and diseases in sturgeons in Russia. Epidemiology; Diversity of parasitic species; Fish biodiversity.

Black tourmalines from seven granitic pegmatites (Golodnaya, Kazennitsa, Mokrusha, Kopi Mora, Zheltyye Yamy, Buzheninov Bor and Ministerskaya) related to the Murzinka pluton, Central Urals, Russia have been investigated using electron microprobe analysis, LA-ICP-MS, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Pegmatites are hosted by serpentinites and gneisses and are classified as schorl, oxy-schorl, fluor-schorl, dravite, oxy-dravite, foitite, oxy-foitite and darrellhenryite. The possible compositional evolution of tourmalines from the Ural pegmatites is as follows: Mg-rich dravite through to Fe-rich schorl, foitite and oxy-foitite to Fe- and Mn-rich darrellhenryite. The major substitutions in the tourmalines are: (1) Fe2+ ↔ Mg; (2) Al + WO2– ↔ Fe2+ + WOH–; (3) X-site vacancy + Al ↔ Na + Fe2+; (4) Al + WO2– ↔ Mg + WOH–; (5) X-site vacancy + Al ↔ Na + Mg; and (6) Fe ↔ Mn. Statical processing of the trace- and major-element composition distinguished three tourmaline groups: (1) trace Co, Ni, Pb, and major Ca and Mg; (2) uni-, di- and trivalent traces (Li, Zn, Ga) and di- and trivalent majors (Al, Mn); (3) U, Th, Hf, Ta, Nb, Y, In, and Sn which correspond to tri-, tetra-, and pentavalent high-field-strength elements. Mössbauer data shows the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios in tourmalines from pegmatites hosted by gneisses (0.05–0.18) and serpentinites (0.28–0.65), indicates different oxidising environments. Raman data are consistent with the composition of the tourmalines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In St Petersburg, Russia, a rapid HIV-testing programme was implemented in April 2004 for high-risk women giving birth. Among 670 women without prenatal care who received rapid HIV testing, 6.4% (43) had positive results. Among HIV-positive mothers, receipt of intrapartum antiretroviral prophylaxis increased significantly compared to pre-programme levels (76 versus 41%). Additionally, infant abandonment increased significantly (50% versus 26%), and was 10 times greater in women with unintended versus intended pregnancies (73% versus 7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]