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Objective: The present study aims to estimate the public cost of depression in Romania during a seven-year time span to complement existing papers with data from Central and Eastern Europe and to identify and propose measures that allow efficient use of funds. Methods: We used data collected from the National Health Insurance System to analyze the main components of the cost. Findings: Indirect costs exceed direct costs. Within the direct costs, hospitalization and medicines still have an important share but are decreasing due to the intervention of outpatient services such as psychiatrists and psychotherapists. Conclusion: Since the goal is mental health, it is necessary to act early and quickly to decrease the burden in the long run. Annually, the mean direct cost of depression per patient is EUR 143 (part of it is represented by hospitalization, i.e., EUR 67, and psychotherapy, i.e., EUR 5), the mean cost of sick leaves per patient is EUR 273, and the total cost per patient is EUR 5553. Indirect costs (cost of disability and lost productive years) represent 97.17% of the total cost. An integrated approach to early diagnosis, effective treatment, monitoring, and prevention as well as included economic and social programs are needed to optimize indirect costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption is a phenomenon with a significant history, having different and sophisticated types of occurrence, in time and space. Usually, the professional literature approaches the issue at the level of public authorities. This article aims: to precisely define the impact of corruption in a given geographical area on the decisions of a company operating in that space; to assess whether certain organizational contexts can be placed in the sphere of corruption or even diagnosed as unethical; to identify the extent to which its own corruption acts inhibit or stimulate the economic performance of a company. This article is intended to be a literature review, on the established research topic. Each of the theoretical elements identified will be considered in relation/reference to a series of pragmatic, concrete elements drawn from the present Romanian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]