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Climatic factors have a great influence on the quality of grapes and wines, thus the identification and quantification of aroma compounds from Feteasca regala wine manufactured in 2019 in three established winemaking centers from Romania (Samburesti, Corcova and Dragasani) was performed. After liquid/liquid extraction, the aromatic composition was identified and quantified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 42 aroma compounds were analyzed depending on the region of origin of the vineyards and climatic factors. Results showed significant differences between the wines regions of origin. The quantities of long-chain alcohols varied between 28644.54 μg/L and 33969.27 μg/L and esters between 4221.10 μg/L and 7901.25 μg/L. Significant quantities were determined for fatty acids and ranged between 5310.99 μg/L and 6045.15 μg/L and lactones between 727.39 μg/L and 988.01 μg/L. The most significant results regarding the aroma profile were determined for the wine from Avincis Dragasani vinery, where the climatic indicators ratio was optimum, thus conferring specific and quantifiable elements to the wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape seeds are a by-product of the wine industry. They represent 38–52% of grape pomace and about 5% of the weight of grapes. The main objective of this study is to establish some important characteristics of grape seeds from red varieties cultivated in Romania. The analyzed grape varieties were Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Burgund Mare, Cadarcă, Syrah, Novac. The grape seeds were dried and ground and the following determinations were made: determination of total polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, antiradical capacity and determination of phenolic compounds. The analyses were performed on the first day after obtaining the grape extract, on the 14th day and the 30th day. The obtained results demonstrate that all the analyzed samples have a high content of polyphenols and show antioxidant and antiradical capacity. The highest values were obtained on the first day after separation, drying, grinding and extraction of the grape seeds and began to decrease almost constantly in time, so that for 30 days from storage the values obtained could ensure good operating yields. The seeds from the Novac grape variety obtained the best results throughout the analysis period. In the case of the total polyphenol content, the average value of the three samples Novac was 394.57 mgGAE/g dry extract and the average value of antioxidant capacity was 284.35 mgAAE/g dry extract. The greatest antiradical capacity was presented by the seeds of the Syrah and Novac varieties. The average value of the three samples from the Syrah variety was 62.1%, and in the case of the Novac variety was 61.33%. The paper demonstrates the opportunity of superior capitalization of seeds from the seven grape varieties cultivated on the territory of Romania due to the characteristics it possesses. At present, there is a major interest of consumers in the most natural products, with a major contribution to increasing the body's immunity. The use of natural compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industry can be an important alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine milk is a product with high consumption rate across the world and therefore its evaluation in terms of consumers' safety and public health is of extreme relevance. In this study, the occurrence of residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals was monitored in environmental samples (soil, grassland grass, water) and bovine milk collected from seven locations in Romania, for the assessment of their potential health risk. PCBs were detected in almost all the environmental and milk samples; it highlighted in soil values higher than the normal limit set by the national legislation, but below the alert thresholds and intervention levels. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites were found in consistently higher amounts in environmental samples and bovine milk at all sites. Increased values of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were also found in milk samples but without exceeding the maximum admissible levels set by the Romanian legislation. High concentration of cadmium, copper and zinc were found in soil, grass and water samples from the industrial area. Lead exceeded the maximum admissible level in samples from the urban area. The results obtained confirmed the importance of surveilling persistent pollutants in raw milk as part of the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate conditions leave their mark on the accumulation of valuable compounds in grapes, triggering chemical reactions, becoming aroma precursors. Carried out in submountainous area of Sebeş-Apold vineyard, known for producing white wines, our study used climatological mean and daily values of climatic parameters (2010–2015) to assess the bioclimatic indices favourability for grapevine growing. The real heliothermic index, the hydrothermal coefficient, the grapevine bioclimatic index, the bio-pedo-climatic index and the oenoclimatic aptitude index were related with the wine quality chemical compounds (esters, high alcohols, volatile fatty acids, aldehydes and terpene) assessed for three wine varieties (Riesling, Pinot gris, Traminer). Our results show that wine's aromatic potential highlights the grapes' area of origin, closely connected to climatic conditions. The lowest bioclimatic indices, recorded in 2010, affected the quality of the wine's aroma. Esters, aldehydes and terpene compounds reached their lowest amounts, which were also correlated with the oenoclimatic aptitude index. Our results suggest that 2012 was the most favourable for exceptional quality wines. High temperatures in the grape maturation period and favourable climatic indices are significantly linked with high amounts of esters, increased amounts of high alcohols, volatile fatty acids and terpene compounds. Our results enhance the knowledge of viticultural potential of Romania and could be a starting point for further research in a region apparently devoided of climatic potential to produce high quality wines. Moreover, it can be an approach model in assessing the link between bioclimatic indices and quality compounds of wines for other viticultural areas of Romania or worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the raise of the human living level to a growing extend of agro-food products, especially of animal origin, this research was carried out to investigate and compare the PCBs (ng/g of fat) and pesticides parameters (α - HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, DDE, DDD, DDT and Endosulfan) of cow milk samples of four different areas around Sibiu, Romania. The milk samples were collected two month from different farmers. Results showed that minimum content of PCB and pesticides were observed at samples collected from Rasinari area, indicate that in mountain area cows are the most favorable animal breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Apold Depression and especially the locality of Apoldu de Jos are mentioned in historical writings from the earliest times. It was mentioned in official documents as early as 1288 by the king of Hungary, Ladislaus IV the Cuman (1272- 1290). A community of free people, they harnessed their natural resources in such a way that they still have a good reputation. Sustainable management of this area is very important for viticulture and agriculture. Due to its geographical position, the Apold Depression was always a favorable place for the cultivation of grapevine. The crops recorded the mark of a redox environment which favors the accumulation of free and bonded aromas in grapes. The research studies have shown that these aromas are clearly influenced by the geological structure of the area, soil composition, climate, exposure, slope, abundance of precipitations. All these give typicality to the wines of a vineyard (goût de terroir). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowing water, like rivers, represent an important drinking water source for Romania, their quality being influenced by the quantity of materials in suspension and in colloidal form, and their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. The Timiş River is generally characterized by the presence of some impurities in natural state, their specific composition being dependant on the nature of the surrounding soils, the soils in the reception basin, waste water spills from different users, and the dissolving capacities of the gases in the atmosphere. The Timiş River has in general a lower level of mineralization, the sum of mineral salts dissolved being below 280 mg/l and formed of bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, phosphates, sodium sulphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium coming from the erosion of rocks, soils and precipitations. The concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) is situated around neutral, ranging from 7.3 to 8.8; among the dissolved gases is oxygen, with values ranging between 4.52 and 7.46 mg/l. The main characteristic of the water flow is represented by the variable charge (sometimes appreciable) of materials in suspension and colloidal materials (clay, sand, silica) but also by organic substances, the charge being directly proportional to the meteorological and climate conditions. This charge grows during rainfalls, reaching the maximum during large floods and the minimum during freezing periods (CCOMn max. 30.2 mg O2). Heavy metals like mercury and arsenic are found in the Timiş waters, but in quantities that do not conclusively affect the water quality, their values being below the maximum allowable amounts. Bacteriological contamination is also observed. Microorganisms, viruses and protozoa are derived from wastewater spills with human or animal waste, and microorganisms specific to the ecosystem. The total coliforms reach 5x103/100 ml water, the fecal coliforms 2.2x102/100 ml water, which results in several sectors of the river being classed as lower quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel allergy is the second most common form of allergy, second only to poison ivy. There is no cure for a nickel allergy. The best treatment is to avoid contact with all products known to have nickel. Since the degree of nickel in the soil varies from region to region, foods have various amounts of nickel, depending on where and how they are grown including the use of fertilizers and pesticide. Drinks with increased nickel content include green tea, beer, and red wine. The object of this research was to investigate the degree of contamination of Romanian wines with nickel. Nickel can also be present in wines owing to the use of Ni-containing stainless-steel containers for wine fermentation and storage in modern cellar technology. Thirty onewine samples were tested using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, after a specific microwave mineralization procedure. The nickel concentration varied between 41 µg/L and 127 µg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zăpodie stream is subjected to pollution with organic matter, nutrients, heavy metals, due to leakage and seepage of leachate from landfill platform in Cluj-Napoca. For determining the quality of the Zăpodie stream we analyzed several physico-chemical indicators such as pH, TDS, EC, ORP and salinity during January-May 2012. Furthermore, we performed a physico-chemical analysis of the leachate so we can correlate with qualitative results obtained for Zăpodie stream. In addition we also measured the leachate concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, cations (Na2+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (SO42-, Cl-, PO4 3-). Ramp leakage exceeded the MAC (maximal admitted concentration) mentioned in NTPA 001/2005 and HG 352/2005 for Ca2+ and SO42- and both can cause a possible pollution of mineral nature. For the case of heavy metals, Zn exceeded the values set by NTPA 001/2005. A biological analysis of stream water was also performed in order to monitor the activity and biological load in a polluted environment. After analysis we detected a water pollution indicator species, namely UNIRAMIA-insects: Chironomus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical-chemical analysis and antibiotic content of honey is an important factor in it's therapeutic potential. Antibiotic content and physical-chemical analysis of polyflora honey were analyzed from 130 samples of natural honey collected in 2011 from three different places of Romania. In this study we aimed to analyze the following physical-chemical indices: moisture, reducing sugar, sucrose, free acidity, diastatic number, HMF identification and the following antibiotics: streptomycines, tetracyclines and sulphonamides. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics is responsible for their presence in bee products and is an important problem for safety of honey as food. For this porpose we aimed to determine residues of antibacterial drugs from honey by liquid-chromatographic technique with column post-reaction and fluorimetric detector. Test results by physical-chemical analysis correspond to Directive 2001/110/CE SR 784-2/2009 and shows the following results: moisture 16.9%; reducing sugar 81.5%; sucrose 3.06%; free acidity 2.31 ml; diastatic number 13.9 cm³/g; HMF identification negative. The results for antibiotic content of Romanian honey must be absent. The physical-chemical properties of honey from Romania indicates a very good quality of it's. Because of that we need to diversify and commercialize this honey and it can contribute to the national agriculture development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instant fermentation of the grapes must takes place in proper environments under the action of the yeasts, which are present in their microflora. For obtaining quality wines one must use selected yeasts, which have superior biotechnological properties (Banu, 2002). The present study aims to analyze the fermentative activity of the wine yeasts isolated from two grapes musts, from the well-known wineyards: Tarnave Wineyard, the Jidvei Wine Making Center (Romania), and Tokaj Wincyard (Hungary) (Spiczki, 2002; Spiczki et ci., 2001), the Furmint variety. The strains, which were isolated using phenotypic and molecular analysis, were identified as belonging to the Saccharomyces cerev/slae gender, species ellipsoldeus, and Sactharomyces bayanus, species ov~formis. These belong to the yeasts collection of the Biotechnologies and Microbiological Research Center of the Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three species of Stachys genus (S. byzantina, S. officinalis, S. sylvatica) were investigated in the present study in terms of aromatic profile and total polyphenol content, as well as antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity. Gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) was used for exploration of the herbal alcoholic extracts. Using statistical analysis, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total phenolic chemical fingerprints were compared in order to describe differences and identify putative signature traits of the three Stachys species. The results showed that the analyzed Stachys extracts have a total polyphenol content being between 197 ± 0.27 mg GAE/g for S. sylvatica and 232 ± 43 mg GAE/g for S. officinalis. The antioxidant activity was between 444 ± 58 mM Trolox/g (S. sylvatica) and 602 ± 75 mM Trolox/g (S. officinalis). The volatile compounds identified were mostly sesquiterpenes, followed by monoterpenes and secondary compounds. The most abundant in all three species was germacrene D (21.9% 28–25.2%). The multivariate analysis demonstrated the potential of using plant tissue VOC profiles to discriminate between different Stachy species, with a total of 31 VOCs being identified from all three species. Although there were strong similarities among the three species' VOC profiles, distinctions can be made using chemometric analysis. The microbiological results showed an antimicrobial capacity of all three extracts, especially on Gram-positive bacteria. In addition to increasing consumers' understanding regarding the health benefits of these Stachy species, this investigation contributes to defining and preserving a precious genetic and cultural-historical biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted over a period of three month in the Cristian farm, Sibiu. For the physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes were taken a number of 15 samples per month. From physico-chemical point of view the content evolution of fat, not fat solid substance, density, protein, freezing point, temperature, lactose, conductivity, pH, water addition was followed. Samples were analyzed using the milk analyzer Ekomilk Total of the Research Centre in Biotechnology and Microbiology of the "Lucian Blaga" University. The microbiological contamination of milk was done by determining the total number of bacteria and coliform bacteria. From microbiological point of view it was observed that these conditions are largely met, but a more rigorous control on the cleanliness of utensils and of the staff is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present essay is the detection of the phenolic rutin compound, a phenolic compound with antioxidant properties, in musts coming from autochthonous variety. The detection and quantification of the rutin has been carried out through chromatographic methods HPLC, resulting the identification in three must variety, Sauvignon blanc (SB), Feteasca regala (FR), Pinot noir (PN), coming from Recas vineyard. The obtained values have been situated between 1.828 ng/l for Feteasca Regala and 200.945 mg/L for Sauvignon blanc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wetland habitat quality indicators of conservationists and herders were compared. • Key indicators were tested along a gradient of ungrazed to heavily grazed sites. • There were no key indicators where the two groups had opposing preferred trends. • Vegetation height, shrub and litter cover decreased with grazing intensity. • Forage grasses and frequency of rare mud species increased with grazing intensity. Wetland grazing by livestock, once widespread throughout Europe, is increasingly used in conservation management. To avoid conflicts and enable cooperation between wetland users and conservationists, habitat quality indicators relevant to both stakeholder groups would be useful. We aimed to identify which indicators of grazed wetland habitat quality are important to the two groups, and which are the preferred trends for these indicators along a grazing intensity gradient. We conducted free listing interviews with 15 conservationists and 15 herders to identify the key indicators of well managed, extensively grazed wetland habitats. To check the practical ecological relevance of these indicators, vegetation surveys were performed along a gradient from ungrazed to heavily grazed stands (45 sites) in three countries: Hungary, Romania and Serbia. Positive trends for herders included increases in useful forage grasses and decreases in tall-growing marsh species; for conservationists, increases in wetland birds, protected and threatened plant species, habitat heterogeneity, and patches of open vegetation were all positive. Grazed marshes had lower vegetation cover and height, less litter cover and fewer shrubs. The proportion of open surfaces and the frequency of rare mud species and protected species increased along the grazing intensity gradient. As grazing intensified, 73% of the 15 vegetation attributes assigned to the indicators changed in a 'positive' direction, half of them significantly, showing the benefits of extensive but patchy heavy grazing. Despite differences in perceived benefits, there were no opposing preferred trends for any of the studied indicators, so patchy, occasionally and locally intense or heavy wetland grazing by livestock in these landscapes was beneficial for herding and conservation alike. In the situation of mosaic-like, carefully herded extensive grazing, there was no trade-off between conservation management and utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]