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Banat is a region from South-West Romania that is geomorphologically characterised by the repartition of form reliefs. The form reliefs from this area succeed each other in levels starting from East to West as such: low plain, high plain, hills and mountains. This region is characterised by low mountains that were formed by the presence of karst. From a geologic point of view, Banatului Mountains belong to the largest and most compact surface of chalky, carbonic rocks from Romania, Reşiţa-Moldova Nouă area. Data from plot descriptions present in forest management plans can be used in studying a territory's geomorphology as they present detailed particularities for certain surfaces occupied by stands. The purpose of this present paper is to study the geomorphology of Banatului Mountains with the help of data from forest management plans realized for forests located in this region. The data that were taken into consideration were: altitude, relief category, field configuration, slope and exposition. The total surface occupied by national forests from Banatului Mountains is of 482.387 ha. Amongst them, the majority are situated at altitudes between 500 and 600 meters. The slope (with a significant percentage of undefined slopes) is the main form relief from Banatului Mountains. Field configuration in the forest area is mainly sinuous, occupying 6% of this area, while kneading fields occupy only 1%. Field inclination presents an increased growth from plain fields up to those with a 30g slope. The most accentuated slopes are registered by Baile Herculane (70g), Sasca Montana, Bozvici, Resita and Baile Herculane (60g). A reduced percentage was observed for fields with very low slopes (2%) or very high (5%), while fields with slopes between 20g and 40g have recorded significant percentages (80%). The entire Banatului Mountains chain is characterized by a relatively uniform repartition of stands based on the exposition, with a lower percentage of fields with East and West expositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Southern Carpathians are situated in the central part of Romania, between Prahova Valley and the Danube, being the highest and most massive mountains from the Romanian Carpahtians. The relief and vegetation are similar to the Alps. These mountains conserve the most representative glaciar relief from Romania, with cuaternar glaciar tracks. Some of its peaks, namely Moldoveanu, Negoiu, Parângul Mare and Peleaga exceed 2500 m. From its total 217.889 ha occupied by forests with water protection functions, the forests located on lake slopes occupy 9.746 ha, namely 5%. The forests from this area are composed of spruce (Picea abies L.H. Karst) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), accompanied by other species such as birch (Alnus glutinosa, L., Gaertn.) and pine (Pinus sp.). From the point of view of the field's orography, these forests are located on lands with an middle inclination on all exposition categories, but predominantly on the North-East, one at an average altitude of 1050 m. From the point of view of site conditions, the characteristic flora type is Asperula-Dentaria, while the main soils are dystric cambisol and eutric cambisol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugar content in apple fruit differs depending on numerous factors: variety, culture technology, pedo-climatic conditions, fruit position in the tree crown etc. The influence of the cultivar and fruit exposition in the tree crown upon their sugar content, as well as upon some morphological traits of the fruit (weight, diameter and volume) at the Fruit Research Station Cluj, Romania were studied. Among the 12 analysed cultivars, the highest sugar content was recorded in 'Golden Delicious' (16.7°Bx) and 'Red Delicious' (15.8°Bx), regardless of the fruit exposition in the tree crown. At the other extreme are found the cultivars 'Pioneer' and 'Prima', in which the sugar content was of 12.6 and 13 .O°Bx. In most cultivars, the, fruit exposed southward in the tree crown have 'presented a lower sugar content than those exposed in the northern side. The difference is explained by the fact that, while the fruit advance towards the maturation process, due to the slightly more raised temperature (sunstroke), the respiration process intensifies, which determines the oxidation of a greater number of carbohydrates and, implicitly, the reduction of the sugar content. There were identified both phenotypic and genotypic negative correlations between the sugar content and fruit traits: weight, diameter, height and volume. Research is useful in the knowledge of the way in which fruit exposition influences the accumulation of sugar in the fruit, both for the producers and the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]